Management And Leadership An Organization - 1474 Words

Management and leadership are quintessential concepts in the life of an organisation. Both concepts share the same principle of how authoritative power influence and shape employees, however, each has its own distinctive feature the enable to differ from one another. This essay, however, I will not go further in the discussion of how management and leadership similar or dissimilar, but rather on how each concept has impacted on myself as a member of an organisation. The basis of each concept will be viewed on a theoretical standard and integrated with my personal real-life experiences. In addition, it is important to note that the limitation of an organisation in this essay will not be restricted in a work environment, but also expanded to†¦show more content†¦Being a server in a restaurant, I was clear that I was being managed. First of all, due to the power hierarchy in the restaurant, where the position of the manager was undoubtedly higher than the restaurant server. Sec ondly, I started the job without much knowledge of hospitality, whereas my superior was a trained restaurant manager who has been in practice for more than five years. Therefore, it was reasonable for my manager to see me as less knowledgeable in the hospitality field. This led to myself being closely controlled while doing my server job. I was constantly watched while performing tasks such as ordering, delivering and till work. The supervision was understandable initially, as I did not have many experiences and close supervision can be beneficial during unexpected circumstances in which I need assistance from the manager. However, even though I was able to perform tasks better over time, the intensity of supervision from my manager did not decrease. The manager still sees me as an inexperienced worker, and usually nit-pick my performance despite I was on standard quality. The built-up state of mind that I was the low-level employee drove the manager to intimidate me for questioning the necessarily of constant supervision or asked to perform tasks that are not in the category, such as talking to the chefs or joking with other servers.Show MoreRelatedManagement and Leadership of Organizations1008 Words   |  5 PagesManagement and Leadership of Organizations Unit 1 Individual Project American InterContinental University Details: The internet has created new ways to do business for organizations with much less capital planning as opposed to the high capital needs of traditional brick and mortar organizations. Based on this, how should management and leadership be addressed for each type of business? Research successful traditional and online retailers and address the following issues: Discuss the organizationalRead MoreManagement And Leadership : A Healthy Organization Essay1753 Words   |  8 PagesBrenda L. Nash Management and Leadership Paper 6 November 2016 Management and Leadership A healthy organizational culture is vital to the success of any company, but how it is maintained demonstrates the value the organization places on it. The management and leadership team, their ability to work together to influence subordinates determines organizational cultural environment. A healthy one allows for communication between levels, tolerance, and accountability with personal responsibility, collaborationRead MoreLeadership And Management : The Leaders Of An Organization1860 Words   |  8 PagesPeople often refer to managers as the leaders of an organization. Leadership and Management are two complementary systems of action, which both are necessary for an organization to thrive, but they are not the same. Although you would think that in order to successfully manage, one must first be a leader, many managers do not possess the qualities and skills needed to be a leader. Leadership is defined as the process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of othersRead MoreOrganization Management And Leadership : An Effective Leader2204 Words   |  9 PagesShort Individual Paper Adam Trexler DNSC 6247 - Organization Management and Leadership November 2, 2014 â€Æ' Introduction Even though it may be argued good leaders are born, it is evident that learning is a continuous process which is required in becoming an effective leader. This implies effective leaders are products of a continuous process of self-study, experience, education, and training. An effective leader is not the one who takes the leadership position to be referred to as a leader but ratherRead MoreManagement And Leadership Styles Of An Organization1847 Words   |  8 PagesManagement and Leadership styles In the case study, manager has resolved this through leadership styles of approaches in regards to the values and principles of an organisational behaviour used in the industry. According to (Stephen, 2006) a leader that engages the whole person’s paradigm of mind, body, spirit and heart get things done through people but not husbanding resources and technology. There are many definitions of leadership and each stresses the importance of a leader to influence andRead MoreLeadership Is The Ability Of An Organization s Management Essay1520 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership is the ability of an organisation s management to set and achieve challenging goals, take swift and decisive action, perform better in the competition, and inspire others to perform well (Rodd, 2013). Leadership provides direction for an organisation by letting the staff know about the direction in which they are headed and who to follow to reach the destination. Leadership involves showing staff how to eff ectively perform their responsibilities and by regularly supervising the completionRead MoreLeadership And Management Dynamics Of A Physician Run Organization1309 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership of Others The leadership and management dynamics of a physician run organization are complex and challenging. The biggest challenge is managing the differing opinions and perspectives of multiple physician owners. Up until recently, I have viewed my role with the physician owners as passive. My approach was to provide guidance with operational and strategic decision making and essentially let this group lead themselves. By shifting the style of my interactions with the physicians to aRead MoreUnderstanding Organization And Management : Leadership And Teamwork1460 Words   |  6 PagesUnderstanding Organisation and Management Leadership and teamwork INTRODUCTION During the three seminars we have been through, we observed and studied the way groups interact, evolve and how they deal with leadership. Indeed, despite the fact that leadership and teamwork have different benefits and purposes, they are strongly connected in some domains including business. Generally, groups share a communication network and a sense of collective identity and goals. The larger the group, the greaterRead MorePersonal Leadership Style. Every Organization Has A Management1105 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal Leadership Style Every organization has a management team, with the success the organization in the hands of these leaders and managers. How the organization is run is generally determined by the executive leaders and filtered down through a series of positions on an organizational chart. In hospital healthcare, at the end of the chart is the care provided by the nursing staff. Leadership styles are varied and there is no correct theory, however every leader must recognize which theory theyRead MoreKnowledge Management and Leadership in Learning Organizations: an Integrated Perspective.4679 Words   |  19 PagesKnowledge management and leadership in learning organizations: an integrated perspective. The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn and relearn. Alvin Toffler To establish the importance of intimate relationship between leadership practices and knowledge management in the learning organisation, a learning organisation concept should be first identified and discussed, with the emphases on the specific features of contemporary

Guidelines For Improving Time Management, Mr. Haze Essay

Goals In order to improve time management, Mr. Haze will be asked to keep a calendar where he will be able to set deadlines that include grades, unit deadlines, grading, lesson planning, and other factors that have resulted in a poor evaluation. Through this he will be able to use his prep time effectively and doing school related activities, as noted by the school contract. The mentor or district administrator will be able to keep track of how often grades are being updated and the assignments and assessments given in class by the online gradebook. Through the grades and assignments posted the administrator will be checking that the work assigned is aligned to the curriculum map created within the department. Mr. Haze will be asked to turn in his calendar log as artifacts towards his remediation plan. Through setting clear deadlines on units, lesson planning, and assessments Mr. Haze will improve on his teaching by being organized and prepared. Domain 1 Planning and Preparation 1c 1d 1f Why: Mr. Haze has been showing up after contractual time and as a result grades are not being updated nor lessons plans being created to meet class objectives and achieve student growth. As a result there is a loss of instructional time since he is trying to come up with the lesson during class time. How: Mr. Haze will be set goals in which he will be asked to document and show proof of student work that is graded with feedback. This will then be crossed checked with theShow MoreRelatedAir pollution: A significant cause of morbidity and mortality especially in many large cities of the developing world.5088 Words   |  21 Pagesthese pollutants in the face of rapid urbanization therefore calls for proactive measures to be adopted. Strategies should involve better traffic management and control of vehicle and industrial emissions, use of cleaner and safer fuels for household needs, employment of pollution forecasting technologies and strict legislations to ensure adherence to guidelines on air safety. INTRODUCTION On Earth, air quality is continually compromised due to rapid growth of the population in cities, development

Ancient History Essay Example For Students

Ancient History Essay Tombs and TemplesWhat are some major architectural structuresof Ancient Egypt? There are many amazing sites of architecture in Egypt fromancient times. Many have been discovered, but there are still ones being discoveredand excavated today. Pyramids, tombs, and temples are the main structuresstill standing that can be seen today. The first tombs of the pharaohs werelarge, unimpressive, bunker affairs called mastabas. A mastaba (Arabic forbench) is a low rectangular structure which was built over a shaft whichdescended to the burial location. They were made from sun dried mud bricksand most have long since crumbled to dust. This all changed around 2630 BCwith the creation of the step pyramid. The Step Pyramid was designed for KingDjoser ,of the 3rd dynasty, by his vizier, Imhotep. The pyramid is locatedin Saqqara, the main necropolis of Memphis. The Saqqara pyramid has a seriesof six levels of stone decreasing in size as they ascend to about 200 feet/60meters in height. The Step Pyramid originally began as a mastaba, and it hasbeen visualized as a series of mastaba shapes, decreasing in size, stackedone on top of another. The surface was originally encased in smooth white limestonewhich must have caught the sun light and reflected its rays. It has the distinctionof being the site of the first large stone structure built in the world. Theplace where humans began to strive for the impossible, where the imaginationgained the power to transform reality. Some of the loveliest works of artever seen can be found at Saqqara, in the tombs of the nobles. The limestonewalls are delicately incised with myriads of animals, fish, birds, insects,vegetation and people hunting, herding and farming. Some of the forms stillretain their original paint, after 4,500 years! The quality of these compositionsdemonstrates that the Egyptians had attained, at an early stage, an artisticculture of a very high order. Cattle Crossing is an etching made from sketchesdone at Saqqara. The medium of etching, itself a process of erosion, seemswell suited to capturing the time worn quality of the relief carving. Theperson responsible for the step pyramid, Imhotep, is credited as being theinventor of building in stone and was a man of many talents Architect, physician,master sculpture, scribe, and astronomer. He must be the first true geniusin recorded history and the impression he had on the Egyptians was profoundbecause later generations revered him as a god of wisdom. The age of thefirst ancient wonders of the world began with the pyramids of Northern Sneferu. This Pharaoh built three pyramids and may have had a hand in others. His pyramidat Medium began as a step pyramid and was then modified to form the first truepyramid. It standardized the shape of all pyramids to come. Its four sidesare equilateral triangles which meet at a point. He built another pyramidsat Dahshur. It was called the Bent Pyramid because its upper part has a shallowerangle of inclination than the lower part. The slope of its sides probablywas adjusted due to the development of cracks in the base during the construction. When Khufu, also known as Cheops, became pharaoh one of his first actswas to curtail the growing power of the priesthood. He shut up all the templesand forbade sacrifices. As a priests living came from performing these ritualsit is not surprising that Khufu was unpopular with the religious orders. Some believe that his pyramid at Giza was built by slaves but this is nottrue. One hundred thousand people worked on it for three months of each year. .uff97bbfe9c5ad6435748cce38729d0b9 , .uff97bbfe9c5ad6435748cce38729d0b9 .postImageUrl , .uff97bbfe9c5ad6435748cce38729d0b9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uff97bbfe9c5ad6435748cce38729d0b9 , .uff97bbfe9c5ad6435748cce38729d0b9:hover , .uff97bbfe9c5ad6435748cce38729d0b9:visited , .uff97bbfe9c5ad6435748cce38729d0b9:active { border:0!important; } .uff97bbfe9c5ad6435748cce38729d0b9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uff97bbfe9c5ad6435748cce38729d0b9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uff97bbfe9c5ad6435748cce38729d0b9:active , .uff97bbfe9c5ad6435748cce38729d0b9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uff97bbfe9c5ad6435748cce38729d0b9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uff97bbfe9c5ad6435748cce38729d0b9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uff97bbfe9c5ad6435748cce38729d0b9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uff97bbfe9c5ad6435748cce38729d0b9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uff97bbfe9c5ad6435748cce38729d0b9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uff97bbfe9c5ad6435748cce38729d0b9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uff97bbfe9c5ad6435748cce38729d0b9 .uff97bbfe9c5ad6435748cce38729d0b9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uff97bbfe9c5ad6435748cce38729d0b9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dada vs Surrealism EssayThis was the time of the Niles annual flood which made it impossible to farmthe land and most of the population was unemployed. He provided good food andclothing for his workers and was kindly remembered in folk tails for many centuries. There are three pyramids at Giza, each of which once had an adjoining mortuarytemple. Attached to this temple would have been a covered causeway descendingdown to a valley temple, near the Nile. The Great pyramid6 itself is trulyan astonishing work of engineering skill. For over four thousands years, untilthe modern era, it was the tallest building in the world. The sides are orientedto the for cardinal points of the compass and the length of each side at thebase is 755 feet (230.4 m). They rise at an angle of 51 52 to a height , originally,of 481 feet (147 m) but nowadays 451 feet (138 m). It was constructed usingaround 2,300,000 limestone blocks, weighing, on average, 2.5 tons each. Althoughsome weigh as mush as 16 tons. Until recently, relatively speaking, it wascased in smooth limestone but this was plundered to build Cairo. Is itconceivable that by bringing together so many people and giving them a commongoal, that of making a mountain, a national identity is forged in their hearts. From Upper and Lower Egypt communities would have got to know each other anda common bond would have been manifest in the object of the pyramid. If thisis true it is unique because all other forms of nationalism have grown outof war. For example England and France in the Hundred years war and the USAthrough the revolutionary, civil and Indian wars. The Temple of Karnak wasknown as Ipet-isut (Most select of places) by the ancient Egyptians. It isa city of temples built over 2000 years ago and dedicated to the Theben triadof Amon, Mut and Khonsu. This abandoned place is still capable of overshadowingmany of the wonders of the modern world and in its day must have been awe inspiring. For the largely uneducated ancient Egyptian population this could only havebeen the place of the gods. It is the mother of all religious buildings,the largest ever made and a place of pilgrimage for nearly 4,000 years. Althoughtodays pilgrims are mainly tourists. It covers about 200 acres,(1.5 km by0.8 km). The area of the sacred enclosure of Amon alone is 61 acres and wouldhold ten average European cathedrals. The great temple at the heart of Karnakis so big that St. Peters Cathedral, Milan Cathedral , and Notre Dame Cathedralcould be lost within its walls. The Hypostle hall at 54,000 square feet withits134 columns is still the largest room of any religious building in the world. In addition to the sanctuary there are several smaller temples and a vastsacred lake. The Temple of Dendara, in Karnak, was known as the Castle ofthe Sistrum or Pr Hathor, House of Hathor. Hathor was the goddess of love,joy and beauty. With the exception of its supporting pillars, which had capitalssculpted in the image of Hathor and were defaced by the Christians, the walls,rooms and roof are complete and extraordinarily well preserved. The stone stepsof the spiral staircase are time worn but still used to ascend to the roof,where there is a small chapel decorated with Hathor-headed columns. The Christiansseemed to have missed these. Dendara was also used as a healing centreand in the grounds stands an ancient hospital along with a sacred lake. Aftervisiting Dendara one gets a feel for the layout of other temples along theNile and in the minds eye it is possible to reconstruct the really huge designof buildings like Karnak. What really grabbed my artistic attention among allthis magnificence was a small detail. The place sings with the music of birds. .ub47ab56d73cc256091dd18673cdc6f35 , .ub47ab56d73cc256091dd18673cdc6f35 .postImageUrl , .ub47ab56d73cc256091dd18673cdc6f35 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub47ab56d73cc256091dd18673cdc6f35 , .ub47ab56d73cc256091dd18673cdc6f35:hover , .ub47ab56d73cc256091dd18673cdc6f35:visited , .ub47ab56d73cc256091dd18673cdc6f35:active { border:0!important; } .ub47ab56d73cc256091dd18673cdc6f35 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub47ab56d73cc256091dd18673cdc6f35 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub47ab56d73cc256091dd18673cdc6f35:active , .ub47ab56d73cc256091dd18673cdc6f35:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub47ab56d73cc256091dd18673cdc6f35 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub47ab56d73cc256091dd18673cdc6f35 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub47ab56d73cc256091dd18673cdc6f35 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub47ab56d73cc256091dd18673cdc6f35 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub47ab56d73cc256091dd18673cdc6f35:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub47ab56d73cc256091dd18673cdc6f35 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub47ab56d73cc256091dd18673cdc6f35 .ub47ab56d73cc256091dd18673cdc6f35-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub47ab56d73cc256091dd18673cdc6f35:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Tivo: a Case Study EssayHundreds of them roost in small cracks and hollows in the walls seeming tocontemplate their carved likeness in the hieroglyphic reliefs. There is oneother thing that stirs the imagination, the building bares the name of thefamous Cleopatra and her son, whose father was Julius Caesar. It is possiblethat these celebrate personalities climbed the same stairs and contemplated,on high, the same landscape which stretches for miles below. In Summation,some of the most precious examples of architecture from the ancient world areof the ancient Egyptians. Although the ancient Egyptians lived in a primitiveworld, they proved to have great knowledge for building lasting structuresthat would forever have a unique and majestic influence on the world.

Teddy Roosevelt And The Panama Canal Essays - United States

Teddy Roosevelt And The Panama Canal Teddy Roosevelt was a man who liked to creat a stir wherever he went. He loved mingling with people to boost his own self-image.He loved to impress people with his cowboyism, his collection of guns, and his pintsize spectacles.Also, Roosevelt was a direct-actionist.He wanted to keep the country moving foward and preserve his public image at the same time. He wanted to display to his supporters that he could lead the country and be a jovial person simulataneously. His public image seemed to be his first priority, and when the election of 1904 came approaching, he wanted to show that he could be a bully to smaller countries and impress his people back home. Over the course of the Spanish-American war , the obvious need for a canal came apparent.The canal would stregthen the navy, and it would make easier defense of the islands in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The problem of where to build the canal came into play. Congress rejected Nicaragua and Panama was an unwilling part of this project. The course of the building was shifted to Columbia. The United States was trying to negotiate a proposal,although they came up empty-handed . Roosevelt was considerably furious with the result. Election time was around the corner and he was eager to make the dirt fly and impress his people with him bullying another smaller country. It's no surprise that his bullyish attitude would extend to forgein policies. Another time of Roosevelt's bullyish attitude , so he can impress his fellow countrymen was his dealing with Panama. The Panamanians feared that the United States would build on the Nicaraguan route. The angry Panamanians revolted , but U.S. forces crushed the uprising. Roosevelt moved quickly and negotiated that the zone would be widened from six to ten miles and the price would remain the same. People thought that Roosevelt created the impression that he was sent secretly to settle the problem. The truth of the matter is , election was very soon and he did not want to lose his supporters. Roosevelt came under fire and had to defend his actions as just and fair. He claimed that Columbia had been wronged and he was sent a mandate from civilization to begin the canal. Although he wasn't truly open and failed to express that the Nicaragua route was available. Of course , he wouldn't want to mention it because the election was nearing and he didn't want to lose his many supporters. Work on the canal began in 1904 , the year of the election. Roosevelt was a type of bully who just cared about preserving his wholesome image and having a good time wherever he went. When election time was nearing , he just stepped on smaller countries that needed to be dealt with slowly. Obviously , Roosevelt had no time because the election was around the corner and he needed to make the dirt fly. It just seemed that Roosevelt wanted to get elected so he could enjoy his carefree life and he yearned to build the canal just to show his people that he was successfully leading his country. History Essays

An Unstable Pakistan

An Unstable Pakistan Free Online Research Papers Pakistan is unfortunately in the state of internal unrest and instability since independence. Different forms of governments had been applied to the country, by people of different visions, every one of them claiming to bring better tomorrow to the nation but unfortunately they made fool of people. We are facing the crisis from the very beginning and are repeating our old mistakes. If we take an analytical view, South Korea, a developed country, took independence in 1945 (two years earlier than Pakistan) is now the 4th largest economy in Asia and 13th biggest economy in the world. It is the world leader in innovation and technology; advanced goods such as electronics, automobiles, ships, machinery, petrochemicals and robotics are the main exports and world-renowned companies Samsung, LG and Hyundai-Kia have their head offices there. On the contrary, Pakistan is nowhere in the scene. Pakistan is a member of G-20 developing nations and stands as the 47th largest economy in the world in absolute dollar terms; thanks to the poor farmers in agriculture sector. Population of the country is growing on an exponential scale and on the other hand economy, which needs strengthening, is suffering badly due to internal politics. The ruling politicians are making decisions for their own benefits and with no structural planning. Difference between classes is increasing day by day. Money is still evolving among those few families who had owned Pakistan at the time of partition. Inflation is increasing with an unimaginable rate and poor people are not able to get the basic necessities for living. These are the facts about current economical situation of the country, which are results of the actions of few people and are affecting the lives of millions. People in Pakistan are prisoners of their own identities; but there is something else, which is the root cause of all this – â€Å"corruption.† This is that cruel beetle that is eating the foundations needed for the country to prosper. It is increasing its sphere everyday. The people of Pakistan are used to this and this has become a part of our lives. This is the main cause of our weakening economical situation and everyone in the country is playing his or her role in this. In almost all government offices, corruption exists in one form or the other, be it irresponsible attitude of employees, bribery or the preference of their personal interests over professional interests. It is such a common ‘stock in trade’ that instead of considering it an issue, we can name it ‘a trend’ Bribery is considered haram in our religion as it is stated in : Volume 3, Book 41, Number 572: Narrated Abu Huraira: The Prophet said, Whoever takes the money of the people with the intention of repaying it, Allah will repay it on his behalf, and whoever takes it in order to spoil it, then Allah will spoil him. We pray to god five times a day but we don’t care for the people living around us. Corruption is rooted deep in our society and whenever we have some pending work, we always try to find a known person in that office and thus get rid of the tiresome practice of standing in the queue. We do pay charity and sadqa but instead of paying traffic chalan, we offer bribe to the traffic sergeant in order to save our time and money. This is a wrong practice, morally as well as religiously. We go to graveyards and realize that this is the place where we will rest forever; even then we collect money from illegal sources and build large villas to live in those virtual mansions. Getting the general idea from these examples, we do practice our religion but ignore our morals teachings, which are one of the strongest pillars of Islam. Downfall of the nations starts from corruption and nepotism, which consequently leads to injustice and frustration among the masses. Nowadays, sermon in the mosques are about paying attention for prayers, giving zakat, doing hajj etc. But we really need some metamorphosis in our religious teachings. The religious scholars and imams of mosques should realize that most people are aware of these things and they do practice them. Even the corrupt ones in our society visit Ka’aba on and off. They should now focus on the moralities and society building, which are the thing in which we are lacking and we direly need to fix it. If religious people are able to change the minds of people and make them realize that these things are important for them individually and for the society; than these men would be the saviors of Muslims. Clergies should tell people that corruption is the eating up of rights of other people and relate it to Islam in a systematic way to change their minds so that our future generations should have anode minds. They should emphasize on Islamic moral, social and economic systems, and interpret before people the laws pertaining to these issues. These steps would help building a corruption free society. Now we talk about the corruption on the macro level in Pakistan. It is the root cause of our decline as it is prevalent from a clerk to the office of Mr. President. With that in mind, it is safe to say that expert sources indicate that the following sectors are among those that are most affected by corruption (the particular order varies from source to source): Police and law enforcement Judiciary and legal profession Power sector Tax and customs Health and education Land administration In addition, these sectors seem to be affected by chains of: Petty corruption to access public services or to bypass the law (through the direct interaction of citizens with the respective authorities and bribe-paying) Middle and grand corruption (through corruption in public contracting and procurement as well as direct misappropriation of public funds by senior officials). In addition, political patronage, conflicts of interest, influence peddling and other forms of corrupt behavior are commonplace across the sectors. Procurement seems to be a major concern across most sectors Now am going to discuss some sectors corruption in details Police and law enforcement: Corruption in the police and law enforcement is perceived to be pervasive creating a culture of lawlessness and lack of credibility and trust in authorities. The police and law enforcement appointments are often politicized and full of conflict of interest. Criminals and rent-seeking and extortionist authorities are often the sole beneficiaries of the game. Judiciary and legal profession: There is widespread lack of public confidence in the institutional legitimacy of the justice system. Access to justice and the rule of law are undermined by corruption and are under a threat. Alongside the corrupt judiciary is the legal profession with low ethics of lawyers and poor controls of the bodies (such as the Pakistan Bar Council) responsible for maintaining the high standards that should be required of it. Power sector corruption: This government sector is full of corruption as people even after paying their bills of expensive electricity and gas don t get it properly. On the other hand, people in this sector take full advantage by using excess of free electricity and gas. Meter reader makes their money by bargaining with households and others, causing losses to government. WAPDA had got the most corrupt account system in the government sector. There came many cases in which imbalances were there in the aggregate money of the WAPDA account. Tax and custom: There is book â€Å"Corruption in Pakistan† by Susan Rose-Ackerman in which she writes, â€Å"Paying taxes and duties is always burdensome. In addition, custom agents control something that firm’s value-access to the outside world. Thus business and individuals may collude with tax collectors and custom agents to lower the sums collected and to expedite services. As a result revenue may be both inadequate and disturbed unfairly. For example, in Pakistan one study estimated that if the leakages caused by corruption and mismanagement could be reduced by 50 percent, the tax to GDP ratio will increase by 2 to 4 percent.† So this is how much corruption is affecting our country’s uplift. Corruption is excessive in tax sector as well as imports and exports audit. Health and education: Indirectly corruption is root cause behind the failure of public services to local communities, including access to primary education and primary health care. Pakistan’s first education census exposes an ugly side of corruption prevalent in the education sector (Government of Pakistan 2005). The census revealed that of a total of 164,579 public sector schools in the country 12,737 educational institutions are ‘non-functional’. The teachers of most government school hardly come and are just concerned with their attendance. Some schools that are in feudal influenced areas are turned into cow farm, machinery place etc. Health sector is also not spared from the ill effects of corruption. Quack health care providers are everywhere in rural and semi-urban areas, where people can’t afford expensive MBBS doctors. Making the people pay their lives for paying small money. Another dimension of the corrupt practices prevalent in health is the inhumane and materialistic behavior by doctors. As per the law of the country, all publicly employed doctors are forbidden from practicing privately and many of them receive non–practicing allowances as part of their non salary allowances. However, most of the publicly employed doctors are seen operating lucrative private sector clinics while working in hospitals and often use the public sector leverage to boost their private practice. Even in few hospitals uptil now, people pay some money to doctors to get extra health care and medicines; eating away the rights of other unwell people. Land administration: It is still one of the most corrupt sector of Pakistan. In Pakistan (TI 2002b), a survey showed that 133 out of 1724 respondents recalled contacting the land administration department and faced corruption. Main reasons to contact the department were transfer of property (25%0, buying land (24% and selling land (17%). Surveyors and tehsilders (revenue officers) appeared be most involved. Land mafia is very active in most parts of Pakistan. They get hold of the lands of innocent people and than it’s very difficult to extract lands from them. Putwari and tehsilders jobs are considered to be the most corrupt job of this sector. Their scale is very small as well as pay but they make so up and down in the money that they build bungalows and have luxury cars. Strong feudals give money to these men in jobs and take more water for their lands. So government money keeps on evolving among few effective corrupt people. Public sector procurement and contracting: There have been major concerns in this area. There is large-scale corruption in procurement and contracting affecting government and development aid funded programmes, public works, etc. Some of the systemic weaknesses have included the lack of a standardized procurement regime (sets of clear, transparent rules and legislation) along with absence of repository of procurement expertise in the government. Grounds and opportunities for corruption are provided at every stage of the procurement process (from preparation to tender, bid evaluation, negotiations, and contracting) All the Pakistani government departments are entirely polluted by involvement of politicians on nepotism appointments and everywhere in Pakistan, without money no body hear the general peoples. Even judges bargain very openly between the parties to give money and take their decisions. Anti-corruption proceedings have long been suspected of being skewed. They are mainly directed against members of the political opposition and minor civil servants while leaving the conduct of military officials outside scrutiny. Moreover, the National Reconciliation Ordinance of October 2007 has granted blanket immunity for past corrupt actions, shielding many public officials and members of the government from prosecution. The dismissal of members of the Supreme Court, including Chief Justice Chaudhry, has led to violent civil unrest and further shaken the public’s trust in the judiciary to undertake anti-corruption prosecution. How to overcome corruption: So far we have looked at corruption as a disease of our society. It could be the cancer of our society or the AIDS of our society or a genetic disease of our society itself. Applying the concept of lateral thinking promoted by Edward De bono, we can see how corruption as a disease of our society can be tackled. Corruption can be fought by the citizen as an individual or in groups in the form of an NGO. Just as an individual first has to maintain his own integrity before he takes on the challenge of fighting corruption, NGOs which are formed to fight corruption should first ensure that they themselves are clean and do not indulge in corrupt practices. It has been noticed that there are many NGOs that are indulged in corrupt practices. If such NGOs also take up the issue of fighting corruption, they are not likely to be successful. I think, basically most of us are selfish. When we face a problem, we are interested in finding immediate solutions. It may sometimes involve breaking the queue or breaking the rules or sometimes it may involve a financial advantage. How many of us insist on a regular receipt when we buy things with the sales tax duly added? In order to save on sales tax, cash transactions have become more the rule than the exception. Perhaps, the scope of corruption also in such departments is also correspondingly higher. What do we do in such a situation? The easiest option is not to do anything, accept the reality and take a cynical view to live with corruption. It will be like that situation where an astrologer advised a worried client that he was having all the problems because in his horoscope Saturn and Jupiter were in very harmful places and this might continue for the next two years. Hopefully, the client asked: â€Å"What will happen after two years?† The astrologer told him that he would get accustomed to it! Perhaps the majority of the people in the country are adopting this advice. Educational system can be another major area where values can be inculcated and the need for integrity ingrained. Perhaps an open discussion especially about the nexus between corruption and its negative impact on social development has to be ingrained in the public. Once this value gets institutionalized, perhaps we would have made some progress. Looking to the situation that the corruption is accepted cynically and is not considered a negative factor in politics, the following elements of strategy may be considered to curtail corruption: The first step needed is creating widespread and continuous awareness among the public signal about the dangers of corruption. It is necessary to highlight the fact that how corruption, in fact, is at the root of the many issues that worry and cause dissatisfaction among the public. This could be in the form of inadequate availability of employment opportunities, drinking water, schools, roads and so on If the common man is more bothered about the corruption at the cutting edge rather than at the higher level, can there be a systemic focus on eliminating corruption at the cutting edge! This initiative will have to come from the people at the top. Any government, from a political point of view, may not mind focusing on the cutting edge level corruption as this may win them some popularity. So far as the higher level corruption is concerned, perhaps the common man gets a sadistic pleasure if some of the top people are punished Another approach, which is of a long-term nature, is to see how some of the institutions of governance can be strengthened. This will be not only institutions fighting against corruption but also institutions meant for providing the welfare of the people or even maintenance of law and order. It is because of the failure of governance, which creates an atmosphere, and corruption flourishes. This is an approach that has to be thought of and any government, which tries this probably, will be able to overcome the anti-incumbency factor. Finally the value a person imbibes depends on his family circumstances, the society in which he lives, peer pressure and religion. No religion recommends that one should be corrupt but religions also have recognized the weakness of human beings and tried to regulate their conduct. Our religion tells us not to take a single penny from anyone illegally. In taking into account the experience of countries like Britain, Singapore or Botswana which have been able to bring greater probity in public life, perhaps we may also hope for a social transformation by adopting a multi pronged strategy. One important element of this strategy must be system changes. Another element must be the shaping of the minds of people through education. A third of course would be the efforts of religious and public opinion leaders as well as by media in continuously shaping public opinion and re-inculcating the values of integrity and honesty. Research Papers on An Unstable PakistanInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationPETSTEL analysis of IndiaQuebec and CanadaDefinition of Export QuotasAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceTwilight of the UAW

Definition and Usage of Union in Mathematics

Definition and Usage of Union in Mathematics One operation that is frequently used to form new sets from old ones is called the union. In common usage, the word union signifies a bringing together, such as unions in organized labor or the State of the Union address that the U.S. President makes before a joint session of Congress. In the mathematical sense, the union of two sets retains this idea of bringing together. More precisely, the union of two sets A and B is the set of all elements x such that x is an element of the set A or x is an element of the set B. The word that signifies that we are using a union is the word or. The Word Or When we use the word or in day-to-day conversations, we may not realize that this word is being used in two different ways. The way is usually inferred from the context of the conversation. If you were asked â€Å"Would you like the chicken or the steak?† the usual implication is that you may have one or the other, but not both. Contrast this with the question, â€Å"Would you like butter or sour cream on your baked potato?† Here or is used in the inclusive sense in that you could choose only butter, only sour cream, or both butter and sour cream. In mathematics, the word or is used in the inclusive sense. So the statement, x is an element of A or an element of B means that one of the three is possible: x is an element of just A and not an element of Bx is an element of just B and not an element of A.x is an element of both A and B. (We could also say that x is an element of the intersection of A and B Example For an example of how the union of two sets forms a new set, let’s consider the sets A {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}. To find the union of these two sets, we simply list every element that we see, being careful not to duplicate any elements. The numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 are in either one set or the other, therefore the union of A and B is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 }. Notation for Union In addition to understanding the concepts concerning set theory operations, it is important to be able to read symbols used to denote these operations. The symbol used for the union of the two sets A and B is given by A ∠ª B. One way to remember the symbol ∠ª refers to union is to notice its resemblance to a capital U, which is short for the word â€Å"union.† Be careful, because the symbol for union is very similar to the symbol for intersection. One is obtained from the other by a vertical flip. To see this notation in action, refer back the above example. Here we had the sets A {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}. So we would write the set equation A ∠ª B {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 }. Union With the Empty Set One basic identity that involves the union shows us what happens when we take the union of any set with the empty set, denoted by #8709. The empty set is the set with no elements. So joining this to any other set will have no effect. In other words, the union of any set with the empty set will give us the original set back This identity becomes even more compact with the use of our notation. We have the identity: A ∠ª ∅ A. Union With the Universal Set For the other extreme, what happens when we examine the union of a set with the universal set? Since the universal set contains every element, we cannot add anything else to this. So the union or any set with the universal set is the universal set. Again our notation helps us to express this identity in a more compact format. For any set A and the universal set U, A ∠ª U U. Other Identities Involving the Union There are many more set identities that involve the use of the union operation. Of course, its always good to practice using the language of set theory. A few of the more important are stated below. For all sets A, and B and D we have: Reflexive Property: A ∠ª A ACommutative Property: A ∠ª B B ∠ª AAssociative Property: (A ∠ª B) ∠ª D A ∠ª (B ∠ª D)DeMorgan’s Law I: (A ∠© B)C AC ∠ª BCDeMorgan’s Law II: (A ∠ª B)C AC ∠© BC

Report about the New York Aviation Managers Association Essay - 1

Report about the New York Aviation Managers Association - Essay Example By conglomerating, members benefit from each other, leading to industrial leaders and experts, through exchange of information and ideas. The association represents 1300 members and affiliated members who comprise of airport managers and representatives of more than 120 commercial and general airports. Membership is characterized by representatives from all corners of the aviation industry: Base operators, consultants, state government agencies and others. Holistically, economic benefits accrued from the association are impressive: generates $18 billion in salary and annual local tax revenue of $4.5 billion for the state (Crook. A, 2013). Nevertheless, NYAMA has sited that the efficiency of the micro-economy is at stake due to a vital inadequate infrastructural investment, stiff competition from other states and a drop in the general economy. Aviation industry has a critical importance in the general improvement of the state’s economy. Therefore, the importance of progressive constant improvement of the micro-economy cannot be gainsaid occasioning the critical role played by New York Aviation Management