Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird - Faults with Characters, Plot, and

The Flaws of To Kill a Mockingbird Is it possible to judge literary classics to have failings or be they beyond contemporary measurements? As perfection is not attainable in any(prenominal) media, classics such as To Kill a Mockingbird, a novel by Harper Lee, can be found to have many instances of fault and flaw. A great novel should ease the reader into learning the storys characters and histories. It should include a plot that keeps the reader up all night wanting to read more. And it should also include a theme that remains clear and focused to image out to a reader without being encumbered. However this is not the case with To Kill a Mockingbird. To Kill a Mockingbird has faults with its characters, plot, and overall theme. The introduction of twain the characters and their histories are flawed. The novel hastily presents a great number of characters within a short amount of written space causing the reader bother when trying to differentiate between them. With a few dozen individuals taking part in the goings on in the story arc, one finds oneself constantly backtracking finished the story to find previous references and descriptions of the characters to remember who they are. What is worse is the fact that many of the names of said persons mentioned early in the story make no style at all later on in the work. ...but they were Haverfords, in Maycomb county a name synonymous with jackass...John Hale Finch was ten years younger than my father (Lee 5). Jem gave dill the general attitudes of the more prominent figures Mr. Tensaw Jones voted the straight Prohibition ticket Miss Emily Davis dipped snuff in private Mr. Byron Waller could play the violin... (Lee 159). This leads t... ...un in his hand (Lee 112). This lesson or theme is one of several that the children learn in the story, this particular one being from the incident with Mrs. Dubose. The majority of the novel makes use these sub arcs and lessons to add sum the n ovel. But instead dilutes the true them of the book, and the reason for which is was made. In conclusion, one finds that because of problems found within the characters, plot, and theme of the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, that this piece of classical lit is not perfect. Clearly by realizing its faults one can see that even a well-known and loved book is often no better than any of the mediocre novels of today. Classical works can indeed be judged, and many are far from perfect. Work Cited Harper Lee, To Kill a Mockingbird. (New York, N.Y. Warner Books, Inc., 1982) 3-5, 99, 112, 159, 164, 247.

Cleopatras Initial Encounter With Caesar Essay -- Egypt History Paper

Cleopatras Initial Encounter With Caesar Cleopatra is desperate-she needs to gain the skunk of Egypt before her inadequate younger brother, Ptolemy, convinces Caesar to grant him full situation. But alas, Cleopatra has been banished from Egypt by the ruthless Pothinus. Fortunately, the brilliant Cleopatra devises a plan to enter her Egyptian castle rolling up in a carpet, posing as a giving for the great Caesar. Her loyal servant, Apollodoros, carries her through a secret passageway and into the palace, where they are met by Caesars guards. They continue into Caesars quarters, where Apollodoros unrolls the carpet to reveal the stunning Cleopatra. Caesar is impressed not alone by Cleopatras intelligence, but also by her undeniable beauty, and pronounces Cleopatra the sole ruler of Egypt. such is the story of the meeting of Caesar and Cleopatra as told by Plutarch and others that followed him. The extent of the storys truth stay a mystery, but it is likely that Plutarch intromitd it in his account merely for frolic value-it is only fitting that the alluring Cleopatra enters the castle with such a cat valium appearance. Because it is written in Plutarchs interpretation, many perceive the story as fact and include it in their own works. The shot, however-and the portrayal of Cleopatra within it-vary among different compositions. Regardless of the likely fictitious aspect of the scene, it is an important one, for it is in this scene that the level of Cleopatras strength and power is revealed. INTELLIGENT YET INFERIORInitially, it appears as though the rug scene is a display of Cleopatras wit, for she uses her intelligence to devise a plan to enter the palace. In addition, it seems that Cleopatra has heightened ... ...lmi, Sr. With Billy Zane, Leonor Varela, and Timothy Dalton. ABC/Hallmark Entertainment, 1999.Cleopatra. Dir. Mankiewicz. With Elizabeth Taylor, Richard Burton, and Rex Harrison. 20th nose candy Fox, 1963.Foreman, Laura. Cleopatras Palace In Search of a Legend. New York Discovery Books, 1999.George, Margaret. The Memoirs of Cleopatra. New York St. Martins Press, 1997.Gerome, denim Leon. Cleopatra and Caesar. Private Collection.Hamer, Mary. Signs of Cleopatra. New York Routledge, 1993.Hughes-Hallet, Lucy. Cleopatra Histories, Dreams, Distortions. New York Harper & Row, 1990.Plutarchs Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romanes c. 100 C.E.. Trans. Sir doubting Thomas North (1579). Ed. Geoffrey Bullough, Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare. Vol. V. Columbia UP, 1964.Shaw, Bernard. Caesar and Cleopatra 1898. New York Penguin, 1957. Cleopatras Initial Encounter With Caesar Essay -- Egypt History PaperCleopatras Initial Encounter With Caesar Cleopatra is desperate-she needs to gain the throne of Egypt before her inadequate younger brother, Ptolemy, convinces Caesar to grant him full power. But alas, Cleopatra has been banished from Egypt by the ruthless Pothinus. Fortunately, the brilliant Cleopatra dev ises a plan to enter her Egyptian castle rolled up in a carpet, posing as a gift for the great Caesar. Her loyal servant, Apollodoros, carries her through a secret passageway and into the palace, where they are met by Caesars guards. They continue into Caesars quarters, where Apollodoros unrolls the carpet to reveal the stunning Cleopatra. Caesar is impressed not only by Cleopatras intelligence, but also by her undeniable beauty, and pronounces Cleopatra the sole ruler of Egypt.Such is the story of the meeting of Caesar and Cleopatra as told by Plutarch and others that followed him. The extent of the storys truth remains a mystery, but it is likely that Plutarch included it in his account merely for entertainment value-it is only fitting that the alluring Cleopatra enters the castle with such a grand appearance. Because it is written in Plutarchs interpretation, many perceive the story as fact and include it in their own works. The scene, however-and the portrayal of Cleopatra withi n it-vary among different compositions. Regardless of the probable fictitious aspect of the scene, it is an important one, for it is in this scene that the level of Cleopatras strength and power is revealed. INTELLIGENT YET INFERIORInitially, it appears as though the rug scene is a display of Cleopatras wit, for she uses her intelligence to devise a plan to enter the palace. In addition, it seems that Cleopatra has heightened ... ...lmi, Sr. With Billy Zane, Leonor Varela, and Timothy Dalton. ABC/Hallmark Entertainment, 1999.Cleopatra. Dir. Mankiewicz. With Elizabeth Taylor, Richard Burton, and Rex Harrison. 20th Century Fox, 1963.Foreman, Laura. Cleopatras Palace In Search of a Legend. New York Discovery Books, 1999.George, Margaret. The Memoirs of Cleopatra. New York St. Martins Press, 1997.Gerome, Jean Leon. Cleopatra and Caesar. Private Collection.Hamer, Mary. Signs of Cleopatra. New York Routledge, 1993.Hughes-Hallet, Lucy. Cleopatra Histories, Dreams, Distortions. New York Ha rper & Row, 1990.Plutarchs Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romanes c. 100 C.E.. Trans. Sir Thomas North (1579). Ed. Geoffrey Bullough, Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare. Vol. V. Columbia UP, 1964.Shaw, Bernard. Caesar and Cleopatra 1898. New York Penguin, 1957.

Internet Censorship :: essays research papers

profit CensorshipFor centuries governments have tried to regular materials deemedinappropriate or offensive. The history of western censorship was said to havebegun when Socrates was accused "firstly, of denying the gods recognized by theState and introducing new divinities, and secondly of corrupting the young." Hewas sentenced to death for these crimes. some modern governments are attemptingto control access to the Internet. They are passing regulations that restrictthe freedom people once took for granted.     The Internet is a world wide network that should not be regulated orcensored by any on country. It is a complex and limitless(prenominal) network which allowsboundless possibilities and would be realised negatively by the regulations andcensorship that some countries are intent on establishing. Laws that are meantfor other types of communication will not necessarily apply in this medium.There are no physical locations where communications take place, making itdifficult to determine where violations of the law should be prosecuted. Thereis anonymity on the Internet and so ages and identities are not known this makesit hard to determine if illegal activities are taking place in regards to peopleunder the legal age. As well, it is difficult to completely delete speech onceit has been posted, Meaning that distributing materials that are obscene arebanned becomes easy     The American Library Association (ALA) has a definition that statescensorship is the change in the access status of material, made by a governingauthority or its representatives. Such changes include exclusion, restriction,remove, or age/grade level changes. This definition, however, has a flaw inthat it only recognizes genius form of censorship-governmental censorship.     Cyberspace, a common name for the Net, has been defined by one author asbeing "made up of millions of people who communicate with one another by means ofcomputers. It is also "information stored on millions of computers worldwide,accessible to others through telephone lines and other communication channels"that" make up what is known as cyberspace." The same author went on to say "term itself is elusive, since it is not so much a physical entity as adescription of an intangible."     The complexity of the Internet is demonstrated through its manycomponents. The most readily identifiable position is the World Wide Web (WWW).This consists of web pages that can be accessed through the use of a web browser.Web pages are created using a staple fibre programming language. Another easilyidentified section of the Internet is e-mail. Once again it is a relativelyuser-friendly communication device. Some other less publicized sections of theInternet include Internet Relay Chat (IRC), which allows real time chatting to

Arcimboldos Water :: Visual Arts Paintings Art

Arcimboldos WaterThe picture is of a head made up of many different sea features with aplain opaque background. It would be nearly impossible to name all theaquatic animals that make up this head. It pipelines as though there is achest plate at the top of the body which is made of a crab and thereare also shoulder plates which are made up by using a turtle and alarge mussel, an octopus has also attached itself to the shoulderplates. Hanging around the neck there is a necklace made of pearls.The cheek is a ray of some sort, the ear is a mussel with a pearl asan earring. There is some sort of crab in place as the eyebrows andthe sassing seams to be a dogfish with its jaws open revealing all itsteeth. The figure seams to be wearing a crown which is made up ofwhales, seals, sea horses and coral. The irrupt is also made up by afish. There is an array of different colours used but only the coraland a lobster seam to be bright and really stand out.Arcimboldo has arranged this piece so th at when you look at thepicture you are not struck by soulfulness features but the picture as awhole and I found that happened with me. Arcimboldo has used oil onlimestone to create this picture and it seams as though he has builtthe picture up from the background and added layers as he painted. Theideas used are obviously derived from the sea and sea creatures andare created to dispirither in a harmonious way and it shows a sign of peacewith so many different creatures layed together in harmony.I think it was made to show that pack can live together peacefullyjust as the animals are in the picture. It shows that fighting andarguing can be discarded and that everyone can get along no matterwhat or who they are within the picture many of the animals would beeach others enemy and prey.I like this picture because Arcimboldo has incorporated so manydifferent species into the image but it is still very clearly a faceand shoulders. Also the message of peace is clearly illustrated and is

A Streetcar Named Desire, by Tennessee Williams Essay -- A Streetcar Na

A Streetcar Named DesireIn what way can A Streetcar Named Desire be seen as an exploration of sure-enough(a) the States versus the innovative America?In the play, Blanche represents old America and Stanley represents new America. Why Blanche represents old America is because of her way of thinking, lifestyle and values. When Blanche walks into the room where the guys are compete poker, there is a great example of how Blanche represents old and Stanley new. When she walks in, the guys are sitting around the table, then Blanche says Please dont get up. Stanley replies cryptographs going to get up, so dont be worried. Before men were always supposed to treat women with respect, and get up from the chair when they came in, and when they left. Blanche expects or imagines that they are going to treat her comparable that. In this way Blanche appear as the old America, how raft used to think. Stanley is a self-aggrandizing contrast and represents new America, when he says nobodys goin g to get up. None of them were even thinking of getting up for her, because that is not their manners, and that is not what people do in the new America. New America is when there was a lot of immigration. In this new world the old fashions and norms were enactment by bit disappearing, for instance racism. Also the lower classes in society became more common. This is the world Stanley lives in. In contrast Blanche is stuck in the old world. Stanley represents new America because he is from Poland. Americas growth of immigration is shown, and very many people in America today are immigrants. Blanches behaviour towards Stanleys background shows that she is old-fashioned. When Stella says that Stanley is Polish, Blanche says Theyre something like Irish, arent they?. Her racist view is very old and conventional. Stanley represents the new America, and he can be seen as a message from Tennessee Williams about how the society in America was changing and what it was changing into. Stanley is a chauvinist, because he obviously takes what he desires, referring to where he rapes Blanche. Stanley is very dominant, he rules and his word is always the well-knitest. He has a strong sexual desire, even in the end of the play when Blanche is taken to the hospital, he starts making love to Stella. It is quite obvious that Tennessee Williams shows Stanley as new America, and this might be what he means America is develo... ...t with Mitch. When Stanley beat Stella, and she was mad at him, he shouted out Stellas name, she came down, and they then spent the night together. The next break of day Stella and Blanche discuss the incident. Blanche asks How could you come back in this place last night? Stella answers Youre making much too much fuss about this. This also demonstrates that the new and old America collides because of their different values and norms. At the end of the play when the doctor has come to take Blanche away, she says Whoever you are, I pull in always depen ded on the kind-heartedness of strangers. This is Blanches final statement in the play. She perceives the doctor as the rescuing gentleman she has been waiting for since she came. But ironically, strangers have never done her any good. The truth is that strangers have only been kind in exchange for sex. Strangers like Stanley, Mitch and the people of her hometown Laurel have not given Blanche the sympathy she so sorely needed and deserved. Stanleys class hatred seeks to destroy Blanche. His cruelty, combined with Blanches fragile state of mind and insecure personality, leaves her mentally isolated from reality by the end of the play.

A Streetcar Named Desire, by Tennessee Williams Essay -- A Streetcar Na

A Streetcar Named DesireIn what steering brush off A Streetcar Named Desire be seen as an exploration ofold the States versus the new America?In the play, Blanche represents old America and Stanley represents new America. wherefore Blanche represents old America is because of her way of thinking, lifestyle and values. When Blanche walks into the room where the guys are playing poker, there is a great example of how Blanche represents old and Stanley new. When she walks in, the guys are sitting or so the table, then Blanche says Please dont get up. Stanley replies nobodys going to get up, so dont be discerning. Before men were always supposed to treat women with respect, and get up from the chair when they came in, and when they left. Blanche expects or imagines that they are going to treat her like that. In this way Blanche appear as the old America, how people used to think. Stanley is a large contrast and represents new America, when he says nobodys going to get up. none of t hem were even thinking of getting up for her, because that is not their manners, and that is not what people do in the new America. New America is when there was a chain reactor of immigration. In this new world the old fashions and norms were bit by bit disappearing, for instance racism. Also the lower classes in society became more common. This is the world Stanley lives in. In contrast Blanche is stuck in the old world. Stanley represents new America because he is from Poland. Americas growth of immigration is shown, and very many people in America today are immigrants. Blanches behaviour towards Stanleys background shows that she is old-fashioned. When Stella says that Stanley is Polish, Blanche says Theyre something like Irish, arent they?. Her racist view is very old and conventional. Stanley represents the new America, and he end be seen as a message from Tennessee Williams about how the society in America was changing and what it was changing into. Stanley is a chauvinist, because he obviously takes what he desires, referring to where he rapes Blanche. Stanley is very dominant, he rules and his word is always the strongest. He has a strong sexual desire, even in the end of the play when Blanche is taken to the hospital, he starts reservation love to Stella. It is quite obvious that Tennessee Williams shows Stanley as new America, and this might be what he means America is develo... ...t with Mitch. When Stanley beat Stella, and she was mad at him, he shouted out Stellas name, she came down, and they then spent the night together. The next morning Stella and Blanche discuss the incident. Blanche asks How could you come back in this place last night? Stella answers Youre fashioning much too much fuss about this. This also demonstrates that the new and old America collides because of their different values and norms. At the end of the play when the compensate has come to take Blanche away, she says Whoever you are, I deport always depended on the kindness of strangers. This is Blanches final statement in the play. She perceives the doctor as the rescuing gentleman she has been hold for since she came. But ironically, strangers have never done her any good. The truth is that strangers have only been kind in exchange for sex. Strangers like Stanley, Mitch and the people of her hometown Laurel have not given Blanche the sympathy she so sorely needed and deserved. Stanleys class hatred seeks to destroy Blanche. His cruelty, combined with Blanches fragile state of judgement and insecure personality, leaves her mentally isolated from reality by the end of the play.

A Reexamination of the War in Kosovo Essay

The Clinton Administration, along with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), was non completely effective in both identifying the concrete objectives relating to the Kosovo conflict and applying the forces resources that were available to resolve that conflict. There are m either reasons for this behind this inefficiency. First, at that place was the world(a) hesitance to get involved in the conflict, for more or less governmental reasons. Second, there was the constant infighting and territorial battles being waged at bottom the array structure.Third, there was the heavy need to manage media perception, which was perhaps absent in past wars. Lastly, there was the weakness of the phalanx capability itself, most especially in price of fighting a war to a lower place different weather conditions. The Four Factors The commencement eventor that hampered the competent execution of the war in Kosovo was the general reluctance of American leaders, both civilian and mi litary, to get involved in the first place. There was a widespread feeling that it was non the time for America to be intervening actively in the affairs of a relatively small and unimportant state in Eastern Europe.After all, what was there to be gained by implementing interventionist policies there? Back then, as now, the focus of many political and military planners was Israel and the Middle East, the hotbed of the world perpetually in crisis. But there was at least(prenominal) a solid rationale for that preoccupation the Middle East was by cold the largest supplier of oil in the world, and stability there was important to the heftiness supply and thus the overall growth of the U. S. economy.But what was to be gained in Kosovo, especially since much risk was to be undertaken in terms of the countrys resources, as well as its prestige? American had failed to intervene in Rwanda and had been obliged to a humiliating retreat in Somalia, and those bitter memories were still sw eet in the minds of most Americans. In the Rwandan genocide, America displace heavy criticism from its allies and the world at large for its inaction in Somalia, America drew derision for its decision to pull out prematurely.Both the political and military establishments suffered from these events, and they understandably wanted to avoid a similar occurrence from happening again. acquiring involved in war in which there seemed so fiddling to gain was anathema to many leaders at the time. The constant infighting within the American military and within NATO was the second factor that hampered the Kosovo operations. oecumenical Clark detailed many examples of his daily battles with his civilian superiors, as well as his peers from within the military establishment.These incidents, preferably obviously, detracted from the efficiency of the operations themselves. For instance, the example of how the some senior staff generals with political access prevented the effective use of Apach e helicopters provides a sickening image of how generals on the principle can be obstructed by those who wield political power. The constant fear that other conflicts might erupt in the Persian Gulf and the Korean Peninsula was also an albatross that hung heavily over the collective necks of those involved in the Kosovo war.Allowing these fears to detract from the efficient prosecution of the war could have led to disaster under certain circumstances. The lack of cooperation was not limited to within the American military itself, but in NATO as well. Commanders of other nations were known to disobey Clarks commands if these orders were interpreted as not being conducive to their respective strategic national interests. Yet, in a agency, this was the least of Clarks problems, for the other allied nations played a lesser manipulation in the conflict in comparison with the U. S., with the possible exception of Great Britain. It was the problems caused by infighting within the army, as well as disagreements with Washington, that make customary Clarks tenure as SACEUR truly difficult. This perhaps can be attributed to the reality that political objectives and military objectives are rarely one and the same, and the fact that military leaders at the highest levels are rarely apolitical. The greater role played by the media in American wars was also in full-display during the Kosovo conflict. Ever since the Vietnam War, the U.S. had shown a marked distaste for any number of war casualties (This had driven its research into unmanned and smart technologies. ) So much so, in fact, that the enemies of America had long viewed this is as the primary weakness of the nations military power. Indeed, this weakness has provided the most basic strategy of terrorist organizations today. They know for a fact that in terms of bare-ass military strength, they are inferior to the United States. Thus, if they ever come under direct attack by the U. S. , their chances of victory a re slim.But if they can inflict just enough casualties (usually through guerilla tactics) and have it broadcast over the broadcast media in dramatic fashion, then public opinion might force U. S. forces to withdraw, as was the case in Vietnam. It was under this same hope that Saddam Hussein stood defiant against the United States in the last Iraq War. Lastly, there was the weakness within the military itself, especially in terms of being an all-terrain, all-weather capable fighting force. Many instances within the book and numerous statements do by General Clark point to the fact that the U.S. military is by no means an effective, all-weather conditions army. In fact, it seems as if the attainment of this goal is still a long way off, as has perhaps been underscored more recently by some of the maintenance problems encountered in Iraq. Also, high levels of weapon technology have brought with them their own special pay off of problems, which could not have been foreseen but nevert heless need to be addressed as soon as possible. These include, among others, the gathering and timely application of intelligence in order to use these weapons to their maximum effect.A lack of cross-understanding between the various military units also contributes to military weakness. In his concluding remarks in Waging Modern War, General Clark says this In Kosovo my commanders and I found that we lacked the detailed prompt information to campaign effectively against the Serb ground forces. Most of the technologies we had been promoting since the Gulf War were still immature, unable to need with the vagaries of weather, vegetation, and urban areas, or the limitations of bandwidth and airspace.The discrete service programs didnt always fit together technicallyThe officers who operated the programs were not qualified to work across service lines and did not understand the full range of national capabilities. I worried almost the nature of Joint skills even among senior officers. Of course, notwithstanding these four factors, the war was brought to a successful conclusion successful meaning that the combat operations against the forces of Slobodan Milosevic proved effective enough to topple the regime of that ruler, and thereby remove the impetus to the racial killings in that region.However, whether or not America achieved its true aims in the Balkans is more open to question, if indeed the Clinton Administration had a clear vision of what those aims were in the first place. The costs of that conflict, both tangible and intangible, must also be analyzed in order to avoid similar mistakes in the future. An Analysis of the Feasibility, Acceptability, and Suitability of the military machine Action in Kosovo The concept of feasibility closely ties in to the question Can it be done? With the benefit of hindsight, we might say with complete boldness that yes, the military action undertaken in Kosovo was feasible.However, even without this particular benefit, the question of feasibility still would have been answered in the affirmative. There was perhaps no other military force in the world that could have undertaken the mission in Kosovo, and done so with success. Even before the campaign began, it was almost a forgone conclusion that American forces would prevail. It was only a matter of time, and though unforeseen setbacks would occur along the way, no one truly doubted the ultimate result. Addressing the question of acceptability is a little more complex, but may also be answered in the affirmative.At the time of the conflict, world opinion was crying out for America to do something about the killings under Milosevic. In many ways, the various nations comprising NATO and the U. N. pushed the U. S. into action. Internationally then, military action in Kosovo was acceptable some might even say it was warranted, due to the role of the U. S. as the global policeman. The war was costly what war isnt? but it gained for the U. S. a leve l of prestige and credibility that it very much needed subsequently some decidedly embarrassing political problems.The effectiveness of the air campaign and General Clarks own philosophy of waging war (which de-emphasizes the use of ground troops) resulted in fewer casualties than might otherwise have been expected. This in itself was a potent testimony to American power and a reaffirmation of the high reputation already earned by the American military in the 1991 Gulf War. If the goal in Kosovo was to stop the genocidal killings and bring Slobodan Milosevic to justice, then we can honestly say that military action was suitable.Some pundits may argue that daintiness would have been a better choice, but they must be reminded that diplomatic methods were tried before any full-scale operations were conducted and diplomacy failed. With a hard-boiled tyrant such as Milosevic, who deliberately released wave upon wave of racial hate upon his own country, diplomacy could not possibly hav e a great effect. Even if diplomatic channels could have been used to stop the killings and this is doubtful they would have taken far too long to mobilize and would have probably ended up with little to show for it.Conclusion Despite many problems that were unforeseen (and perhaps unavoidable), the military action in Kosovo ended up attaining its major objectives. Still, the operation could have gone better, and more smoothly. In the future, if similar circumstances should come up, both political and military planners would do well to review the lessons learned in this conflict. First, a good amount of political will should be present, and directed at a clear set of pre-defined goals.Second, bickering and infighting within the military should be checked, reduced, and if possible eliminated. Third, all leaders involved in a conflict should be apprised of how to manage media perceptions, especially in terms of obtaining continuing public support. Lastly, the capability of the mili tary to wage war under all conditions should be improved and made the top priority of defense spending. When these four factors are improved to their various degrees, then the prosecution of future wars will decidedly become more efficient and effective.

A Critical Analysis of an Ethical Proposition Based

Ethical situations on the subject of cleanuping and the sacrifice of human lives are always subject to critical analysis and intensive argumentation. The questionable sacrifice of the few for the good of the galore(postnominal) is usually founded upon doubting Thomas Natural Law and Doctrine of Double Effect, both of which were logically formulated by the philosopher merely both also lend themselves to criticisms.Aquinas defines the Natural Law based on the unfailing Law. He formulated the Eternal Law in his Summa Theologiae and defines it as the motif in Gods intellect by which He governs the world (Magee, 1999). The Natural Law according to Aquinas is humans divideicipation in the Eternal Law through reason and will (Magee, 1999).The Doctrine of Double Effect, on the otherwise hand, is defined as a set of ethical criteria for evaluating whether one should do an propel that would, in the process of producing a positive issue, also produce a negative effect (McIntyre, 2009) . Our ethical advise It is always wrong to kill innocent hatful, even if you could save many other lives by doing so is a rather weak proposition after it is analyzed with reference to Aquinas two aforementioned doctrines.Critical AnalysisWith Reference to the Natural Law. There are various different levels of precepts that the Natural Law entails. The first of which is Good is to be done and pursue and evil avoided (Magee, 1999).However, Aquinas has specified that a good thing is something that we know immediately, by inclinationthat would count as good and thus to be engage (Murphy, 2008). Aquinas specifies these things as life, knowledge, procreation, society, and reasonable conduct.First Precept. Applying the above precept to the given ethical situation, It is always wrong to kill innocent people, even if you could save many other lives by doing so, one can see that the whole proposition logically satisfies the first part of the precept Good is to be done and pursued. Both t he act of not cleanup innocent people and saving many other lives are believed to be inherently good, that is, good in itself. However, the proposition might not in a way satisfy the second part of the precept that evil should be avoided.This is because the proposition implies a prohibition of killing innocent people, which, if done, would result in a possible non-fulfillment of the second part of the proposition You could save many other lives by doing so. If many other lives are not saved, then this heart one has allowed the evil of death to take lives away, thus evil is not avoided, which is the second part of the precept. In short, our proposition fails the first precept of the Natural Law.Second Precept. another(prenominal) precept of the Natural Law is that it commands that we preserve ourselves in being and one thing that can be deduced from this is that one is required to take care of his life and disseminate that life to the next generation (Magee, 1999).This may obvious ly refer to the goodness of procreation but it may not be necessarily the case because much(prenominal) a statement may translate to the preservation of the self for the benefit of the next generation. This precept on preservation may agree with the first part of the given ethical proposition it is always wrong to kill innocent people, for the killing of people, whether innocent or not, opposes the idea of self-preservation. However, the second part of the proposition, you could save many other lives by doing so, or by killing innocent people, does not agree with the precept on preservation.The reason is that if you decide to preserve the lives of the innocent, then your go through may result in the non-preservation of the lives of many others. This now serves as another proof of the failing of the given proposition vis--vis the precept of the Natural Law on preservation.With Reference to the Doctrine of Double Effect. The proposition, It is always wrong to kill innocent people, even if you could save many other lives by doing so, lends itself to more criticisms on the weakness of its argument when criticized with reference to the Doctrine of Double Effect.The doctrine consists of four destines that must be met before one can declare an act morally permissible (McIntyre, 2009). And for this the proposition should be constructed into a conditional sentence If one kills innocent people, it is wrong and hence presumed to be not morally permissible. Therefore the moral permissibility of the killing of innocent people will be evaluated vis--vis the four conditions of the Doctrine of Double Effect. Furthermore, the claim of the proposition that killing innocent people is morally wrong chthonian all circumstances will be logically investigated.First Condition. The first condition is the nature-of-the-act condition, which states that the action must be either morally good or soggy (McIntyre, 2009). This may somehow oppose what we are intending to prove. It is i ndeed true that the killing of innocent people is not morally good nor is it morally indifferent.Second Condition. The second condition is the means-end condition, which states that the bragging(a) effect must not be the means by which one achieves the good effect (McIntyre, 2009).This is also a proof in opt of the proposition. If the goal is to avoid the death of many other lives, then it follows, according to the second condition, that death should not be meted out on innocent people just for the sake of the many others. Based on the second condition, death must not be utilized to avoid death. With the second condition, he proposition remains solid.Third Condition. The third condition is the right-intention condition, which states that the intention must be the achieving of simply the good effect, with the bad effect being only an unintended side effect (McIntyre, 2009). It is now here that the proposition weakens.Based on the context of the proposition, the killing of innocent people, without any regard to the inherent morality or immorality of the act, has the intention of achieving only the good effect of saving many other peoples lives, thus making the killing of the innocent a morally permissible act. The bad effect, which is the death of the innocent, is anyway simply a side effect.Fourth Condition. The last condition is the proportionality condition, which states that the good effect must be at least uniform in importance to the bad effect (McIntyre, 2009).Although there will always be a question about the exactness of such an equivalence of importance, the absolute majority may agree that, in the proposition, the saving of the lives of many far outweighs the killing of the lives of but a few innocent people. This therefore dismisses the killing of the innocent as a morally permissible act and such an argument counters the proposition.

A Personalised Induction Will Always Be More Effective. Discuss

Essay 2 A individualise inductive reasoning impart al managements be more effective. Discuss (Word count = 2198) Introduction In this essay I will describe what a someoneal induction is and how it is composed then talk over the reasoning behind why they may be more effective for clients seeking swap via hypnosis rather than using standard generic inductions. I will also look at some of the potential issues surrounding personal inductions before drawing a conclusion.But first we need to look in a bit more detail as to how they work and why they may be helpful in helping the client achieve their aim. It is has been stated that when we communicate with sight only 7% of the communication is made up from the words we verbalize and the re of importing 93% is made up of the line and strength of the words (38%) and our body language (55%) (Chrysalis, Module 2). Although commonly quoted these figures be in fact quoted out of context from the original two limited experiments underta ken by Albert Mehrabian et al in 1967.If this were so then we should be able to understand someone communicating with us in a language we do non speak, which is not the case. However the three elements do pay a role in how we communicate with each other just not in the ratio outlined. As we know people ar complex soulfulnesss. We image, make virtuoso of and interact with the public around us all in slightly different ways. These differences are due to a number of internal and external processes that occur from the moment we enter the world and continue to develop, hopefully, until we leave it.External information from our environment reaches our brains via our 5 main senses, or sensual modalities. These are visual (sight), audio (hearing), kinaesthetic (feeling), olfactory (smell) and Gustatory (taste). This inf busted of information from the five modalities is in turn monitored and filtered by the brain, most likely by our subconscious mind due to the volume of input, and ev erything that requires our attention is flagged up to the conscious mind so that we can take the obligatory action/non-action required.I commit the term non-action here to distinguish between something the subconscious mind views and flags as a threat that requires immediate action and something that on reassessed by the conscious mind, overridden no action required (e. g. world surprised by your son with a rubber snake ). The Psychology of Personal Constructs (Kelly 1955), a theory of how personalities develop, describes how we may interpret reality through an internalised process called constructs, these are units of interpretation which serve as templates, or filters, for how we look at, and make sense of the world and how we can use these to predict future events.Some of these constructs may very well be intrinsic and hard wired into our subconscious from birth, like a fear of snakes or of heights which could be construed as common sense phobias and linked to our natural surv ival instincts. However most of the constructs that we use to make sense and judge the things around us, and our reactions to it, are developed over time as we stop to interact with our environment, and by our own experimentation, living in it.These internal constructs are shaped by external influences, our cultural up bringing, our language and by our past have gots. For example I train a fear (Not really a phobia ) of going to the dentist, this is based on my early experiences as a child, before the introduction of the high speed drills and latest anaesthetics, being told it would not hurt. indeed realising, during the actual procedure, I had been lied to and it didIt is these internal constructs, our likes and dislikes, our internal generalized assumptions and our prejudices, which develop differently within us over time so that each psyche construes reality differently, even when placed in the same objective circumstances, that generate our view of the individual personalit y. Use of Modalities in Personalised Inductions Of the five sensual modalities mentioned earlier there are considered three main modalities (visual, auditory and kinaesthetic) and two subsidiary ones (olfactory and gustatory) and it is the three main modalities that are utilise for personalised inductions.Within the three main modalities each person will go one that is dominant or preferred and each individuals preferred modality can be ascertained by careful, inconspicuous, observation and questioning of the client by the therapist during the sessions, taking note of the way they dress, the language they use (words and tone), their body language (the way they breath, their postures and gestures) and the work and pastimes they undertake. The inductions are constructed using wording and phrases that fit with the clients preferred modality. Some General Attributes of the Modalities 1.Visual People with a preference for this modality have slap-up imaginations that allow them to fant asize and daydream whilst suspending the analytical/critical element of their mind. They like things to look nice, and be haved in things that involve seeing like art, photography, drawing, or films. They may like bright influence and be observant and creative. Clues that can be found in their choice of words are look, see, appear, focus, imagine, references to bright colours or neatness. In phrases such as I see what you mean, looks good to me, It just goes to show, paint a picture.They tend to speak faster as they think in images and pictures and in a high empower tone using shallow breathing. They hold their bodies upright and may have a thinner body type. 2. Auditory Auditory people listen internally to sounds and music, they are more logical in their thinking and tend to thread sounds rather than sights around them. They are sensitive to any noise that is obtrusive to them and are unable to concentrate if sounds around them were not to their liking. They prefer work and pas times that involve hearing, words or listening. Their choice of words may be listen, hear, sound, say, discuss.In phrases such as Im all ears, that sounds good, loud and clear. They tend to speak in a melodious tone and at a pace between the visual and kinaesthetic person. Their breathing tends even to be centred in the middle of the chest They are good listeners and often will put their head to one side as they listen. 3. Kinaesthetic Kinaesthetic people tend to be empathetic. They are the ones who can feel a persons emotions and can tune into moods quickly. Even if the person is displaying a smile a kinaesthetic person will be able to feel the hidden emotion if the smile is false.They tend to touch everything and will gladly ignore clutter up if the place feels right as they simply dont see it. Their choice of words may be touch, solid, grasp, hard, cool, move In phrases such as I know how you feel, kick some ideas around, put you finger on it. They may speak in a soft low tone w ith pauses in their speech. They may breathe deeply from their abdomens. They tend to have rounded shoulders and a more relaxed body posture. These are the three main modalities (Chrysalis, evacuant Counselling, Year 1, and Module 2).However as the process of personality development is a dynamic one so the preferred modality will change over time. Especially where any therapeutic elements are engaged. Further Dimensions in Personalising Inductions There are four further dimensions which enhance the personalised induction. These are permissive and Authoritarian inductions direct and indirect suggestions used within the inductions. Permissive Inductions These inductions are nurturing and non-judgemental in elbow room and they are constructed so that the client has some control of the mesmerizing process.The words used are softer and more caring and leave the client choice in the actions asked by the therapist. The client and the therapist are treated as equal partners. Comments lik e you may like to close your eyes, you might like to move around a minor bracketed with thats OK to do so so giving choice and permission to the client. The clients most responsive to this will be those who are more imaginative and creative and do not dispute changed states of reality or ideas or those who have undertaken a few sessions of hypnosis already.This style is successful on people who are reaching goals like better their behaviour or their working conditions. Authoritarian inductions Authoritarian inductions by contrast are commanding and direct. Their purpose is to establish control over the client. This technique was used in the early days of hypnosis as it was considered that the hypnotist would have greater success this way and is the classic view that a lay person would have of a hypnotherapist today (Hypnosis for Change, Hadley & Staudacher, 2001). Comments will be more direct Close your eyes, you will listen to my voice, I want you to relax.This induction is best used on people that respond to tyrannous figures or on people that are new to the hypnotic process and expect this style from the hypnotist. This style is more successful on those who are seeking a specific target, losing weight or giving up smoking for example. Direct and mediate Suggestions Direct suggestions are an obvious command or instruction to the client during the induction, Now Close you eyes and an indirect suggestion is also aimed at achieving a result but contains no commands. It maybe that in a moment or two, whenever you are ready, your eyes may wish to close.. The use of direct or indirect suggestions will depend on the type of therapy that is being undertaken. Therapists generally believe that the indirect suggestions hold greater sway as they overcome any client resistance, this is a process where the client blocks the hypnotic process due to some form of anxiety. Indirect suggestions lend them selves to permissive inductions. Direct suggestions lend themselves to authoritarian inductions.So now that we have an overview of the elements that aid the construction of a personalised induction. So how can they be helpful? As each client is an individual they expect to be treated as such. The therapist needs to quickly build rapport between them to engender trust and by explaining that the induction being used is tailored to them specifically shows a commitment by the therapist to the client. The initial assessment of the client may not produce enough empirical evidence to use a genuine personalised script at first, so a generic one may do.However over a few appointments it should be possible to produce one that fits the clients preferred modality by careful observation of the clients speech patterns or by a simple test (see appendix B for an example of a simple modality test Successful NLP, Lazarus, 2010) and permissive or authoritarian view (Chrysalis, cathartic Counselling, Year 1, and Module 2 pg 18 Client Assessment). However this course of action may be a laborious undertaking for little return and the therapist may get caught up in the process of producing a perfectly personalise induction at the expense of treating the client.Compounding Modalities Personalised inductions do not lend them selves well to A way of overcoming the requirement to tailor inductions would be to employ what is termed a commingle induction. This induction uses words and phrases finish all modalities so that it will feel Right to the client from the beginning. The only adjustment required would to make this either permissive or authoritarian. There are situations where personalised inductions may not add any value. They cant be used for group sessions for weight loss or giving up smoking for example.You also cant use them for recorded scripts or distribute them for others and they take up a lot of time in their production. Another issue with focal point on personalised inductions, is that they could imply that ones preferences and modal ities are fixed. This is not the case. You might meet me for an initial character, presume the client is primarilly visual and inclined to prefer an authoritarian approach. However, the next weeks events could mean that next time you meet after youve prepared your personalised induction it is not at all appropriate or ffective. Conclusion We use personalised inductions because people are individuals and deserve to be treated as such. However, it it precisely because we recognise that people are individuals and dynamically unique, that we should realise that the initial consultation cant tell us everything we ever need to know about them. A personalised induction which is not dynamic can presume too lots and pidgeonhole someone from the start with the therapist losing sight of the actual person. To the detrement of the client as they become just part of the process.I believe that the initial use of compound inductions would be more benificial to the client/therapist relationship and if these did not prove successful for the induction to be made more personal. So it is not a matter of which induction is more effective but how the induction envolves to meet the needs of both the client and the therapist to achieve a satisfactory theraputic outcome. References 1. Chrysalis, Psychotherapeutic Counselling, Year, Module 2, 1-2 07/2010. 2. Hadley, J & Staudacher, C, Hypnosis for Change, New Age Books, New Delhi, 2001. 3.Kelly, George The psychology of personal constructs. New York W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 1955 4. Lazarus, Jeremy, 2010, Successful NLP, Crimson Publishing, Richmond, Surrey, 2010 5. Mehrabian, Albert and Morton Wiener, Decoding of inconsistent communications, Journal of Personality and accessible Psychology 6109-114, 1967 6. Mehrabian, Albert and Susan R. Ferris, Inference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels, Journal of Consulting Psychology 31248-252. 1967. Appendix A Preferred Representational organization QuestionnaireF or each of the following statements please place a score next to every phrase using the following 3 = next best verbal description of your preference 2 = next best description after 3 above of your preference 1 = least likely description of your preference 1. principally I make important decisions based on 1. a__ which way looks best to me. 2. b__ which way sounds best to me 3. d__ my gut level feelings, what feels best to me 2. During a heated count I am most likely to be influenced by 1. b__ peoples tone of voice . a__ whether or not I can see the other persons point of view 3. d__ how I feel about the topic 3. During a meeting I like information to be presented 1. a__ in a way that is neat and tidy, with pictures and diagrams 2. d__ in a way I can grasp and/or I can get a hands-on experience 3. b__ in the form of conversation so that we can discuss and I can ask questions 4. My favorite hobbies and pastimes typically involve 1. b__ listening to music, the radio or talking with people 2. __ ceremony films and other visual arts 3. d__ doing sport activities and generally moving about 5. I tend to resolve problems by 1. a__ expression at the situation all the alternatives possibly using diagrams 2. b__ talking through the situation with friends or colleagues 3. d__ trusting my intuition and gut felings 6. When with my friends 1. a__ I enjoy watching how they interact and behave 2. d__ I need to hug them, or sit close to them, when speaking to them 3. b__ I enjoy talking to them . I prefer to learn a particular aspect of a sport or activity by 1. a__ watching how the teacher or go-cart does it 2. d__ having the teacher or coach adjust my body into the right position 3. b__ listening to explanations, discussing and asking questions 8. When at a presentation I am most interested by 1. b__ the tone of voice and the way the presenter speaks 2. a__ the visual aids used by the presenter 3. c__ the opportunity to get to grips with the content, perhaps by actually doing an activity a b c 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 total Visual=XX Auditory=XX Kinaesthetic=XX

Community Service Organization in Florida Essay

The aspect of community service plays an important role in the contemporary community as this serve the most critical and significant ask of the public through actual interaction and organization dedication. Community service organizations are mainly established to provide effective and efficient public work for the benefits of the nightspot on a non-profit agenda. These organizations are motivated by their selfless intentions to address the critical needs of the public, which they find to be overlooked by the prevalent social system.As founded by individuals who are motivated to cater to the needs of the common people, community service organization becomes the tool sufficing for the intricate needs of plastered individuals in different aspects. In the state of South Florida, the Jewish Community Services manifests to be an important community organization addressing senior adult needs in their locality.The JCS organization has many service pursuits ranging from healthcare, em ployments assistance, rehabilitation, food services and others, which are all viewed to be among the important social service needs in the Florida state. As this state tends to rapidly progress, their general social system tends to overlook certain social needs, which are still important in the humanitarian aspect. Because of this, organizations such as the Jewish Community Services are founded to attend to their certain community services for selfless idealism.Indeed, this organization is making an important contribution for the betterment of their society establishing them as an important cogwheel in the Floridas humanitarian aspect. Organizations such as the JCS give off important social services without expecting financial commensuration from their coffin nail patients as part of their idealism for selfless contribution. As such, it is only appropriate to give due support to the cause of these organizations namely the JCS.Putting in contributions and manpower involvement to th eir cause will further enhance their effectiveness and efficiency towards addressing their purpose in the Floridas social community. Indeed, through participating or bestow to the activities and programs of the JCS social service organization, every individual can realize a humanitarian purpose of selflessly addressing the critical needs of others for the betterment of their life as human beings. Bibliography Jewish Community Services of South Florida. October 23, 2007. http//www. jcsfl. org/.