Importance of reserch and development to an innovative company Assignment

Importance of reserch and development to an innovative company - Assignment Example With reference to the context, it can be observed that Exxon Mobil Corporation from the United States has comprehensively introduced R&D management into its business process. With due consideration to the aspect, the paper intends to discuss about the ways in which Exxon Mobil makes use of R&D in its business operational process to obtain an edge over its market competitors. Exxon Mobil is one of the leading multinational and publicly traded oil and gas companies of the world having its headquarters in Irving, Texas, United States. It was created in the year 1999 after the merger between Exxon and Mobil and is recognized as a decedent company of Standard Oil founded by John D. Rockefeller. In serving the local communities with oil and gas along with other petrochemicals, Exxon Mobil has been able to expand its business operations on a global basis. Consequently, it has been able to achieve certain milestones which can be identified as the business segments of Exxon Mobil has expanded overseas within a very short span of time. Furthermore, in expanding business to overseas, Exxon Mobil has been capable to possess 31 refineries of oil. With the help of the final products produced in these refineries, Exxon Mobil is serving 21 countries with their products. Contextually, with the help of the sustainable performances in the recent years, Exxon Mobil has ach ieved the status of being the number one corporation in the USA according to Forbes Global 2000 list of the year 2012 by increasing its organizational revenues and profits (Forbes, 2012). Moreover, for surviving in the competitive marketplace, Exxon uses innovative and modern technologies in order to develop an aggressive and advanced operational process for serving the customers. In accordance with the aspect, it is observed that Exxon Mobil has introduced R&D management into its operational process (Exxon Mobil, 2012). R&D management can be defined as the management

Emerson and Thoreau Transcendentalism Beliefs Essay Example for Free

Emerson and Thoreau Transcendentalism Beliefs Essay Both Emerson and Thoreau use the images of eyes, vision, and perception to properly demonstrate their transcendentalist beliefs. Transcendentalism is defined as the â€Å"idea that our spirits have a deep connection with nature and our ideas transcend to the natural world. † By using the â€Å"transparent eyeball† and other uses of perception of the whole in nature in their works, both authors establish a strong belief of perception through transcendentalism within the natural world. Their works have many parallels between them regarding perception and ultimately the use of eyes. Ralph Waldo Emerson was a very important author whose ideas were adopted and adapted almost immediately after his works came to light. First, in Emerson’s piece, Nature, he introduces the audience to an idea of a transparent eyeball. He states, â€Å"Standing on the bare ground, my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eyeball. I am nothing. I see all. The currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of God. † (1112). The most influential line in this quote is â€Å"all mean egotism vanishes. † This exemplifies the idea that it is not a personal experience in which he is undergoing; it is, in fact, a spiritual involvement with the natural world. By using the impression of an eyeball, it shows that he sees all and is part of nature as a whole. â€Å"The ruin or the blank †¦ is in our own eye. The axis of vision is not coincident with the axis of things, and so they appear not transparent but opaque. The reason why the world lacks unity is because man is disunited with himself. † (1133). While things in Nature should be seen as transparent, we view them as impervious, which affects our perception within. Emerson also states, â€Å"There is a property in the horizon which no man has but he whose eye can integrate all the parts, that is, the poet. † (1112). This quote shows the importance of seeing the natural world as one. Emerson also wrote a poem called â€Å"Each and All. † In this piece, his main theme is the idea of gratefulness in the natural world. He explains that every moment in nature is a whole. He states, â€Å"I thought the sparrows note from heaven, Singing at dawn on the alder bough; I brought him home in his nest at even;—He sings the song, but it pleases not now; For I did not bring home the river and sky; He sang to my ear; they sang to my eye. † (341). This part of the poem is momentous, because it explains that although the moment of hearing the sparrow sing is over, he has taken it in through the eye and now it is a memory as a whole. By using perception of the eye throughout his pieces, Emerson shows a vital key of knowledge in the transcendentalism ideals. Secondly, Henry David Thoreau had a major influence on the transcendentalist belief with his work called Walden. Walden Pond was a place in which Thoreau went for two years to build his house and wrote a narrative based on his learning and understanding of himself and nature during his time spent there. The depth of the Walden Pond was about 104 feet deep and it was blue with a tint of green. This pond was unique because of its clearness of the water, and the fact that it almost looked like the iris of an eyeball. Throughout his work, Thoreau used the pond as a metaphor of his existence in nature. By using the themes of economic, political, environmental, individualistic, and finally transcendental, Thoreau described an understanding of seeing all in nature. As he describes his surrounding, we get an idea of him becoming a â€Å"transparent eyeball. † Because Emerson was one of the most influential and important friendships in Thoreau’s career, he was heavily impacted by the idea of the â€Å"transparent eyeball†. By continuously describing his individualistic tendencies he learns while being on Walden Pond, it is evident that he is becoming a â€Å"transparent eyeball. † As we continue reading, Thoreau states, â€Å"I wanted to live deep and suck all the marrow of life. † (1920). By relating his life to the Walden Pond and its significant depth, he establishes a powerful awareness of perception in nature. His point of perception is also demonstrated by how Walden, is structured. He goes through each season making cycles for what he completes and the perception in which he completes it. In the idea of transcendentalism, the use of eyes and perception are very important because it creates a real life clarification as to what really matters. Becoming one in nature is a major element within the transcendentalism belief, and each author who believed this obviously put an emphasis on this metaphor. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau both had important transcendentalist ideas and contributed a great deal to other authors from then on. By allowing an eyeball and other uses of perception to explain all philosophy of transcendentalism, it simplifies the bigger meaning and allows readers to understand more effectively.

Carol Tavris In Groups We Shrink From Loner’s Heroics :: Sociology Groups Shring Tavris Essays

Carol Tavris' In Groups We Shrink From Loner’s Heroics â€Å"In Groups We Shrink From Loner’s Heroics† is an essay about how people in groups behave together. The author of this essay believes that when people are in groups they will do nothing to help a person in distress and that they cannot think for themselves. â€Å"In Groups We Shrink From Loner’s Heroics†, by Carol Tavris was ineffective because it used logical fallacies, overused pathos, had weak references to logos, and used inductive arguments. The author of the essay, Carol Tavris, seems to be very passionate about what she is writing. She has her doctorate in Psychology and has had her articles published in many well-known magazines. The intended audience of her essay is the general public. The purpose of this article is to inform the public that they need to stand out and use their own minds in a group setting instead of hiding in the comfort of their fellow friends and colleagues. The essay is written to be very informal. It uses a lot of connotative language as well as a subjective point of view. The author tries to use facts to support her way of thinking, and also uses some examples and descriptions. The largest downfall to the article is her use of inductive arguments. The author uses true stories and a few case studies, at the beginning of the essay, to show how some people have acted when they are with a group of people. But, the rest of her argument is based on these few studies. She tries to argue that all groups behave as these few examples, in the essay, did. These few, rare occurrences cannot be the basis for an entire argument about how groups behave. They paint too broad of a picture. The author mainly appeales to pathos. She tells a story of a woman being stabbed while her neighbors look on and also, of a man, named Rodney King, who was beaten by a few police offices while ten other officers looked on. These are good examples for her argument but, she uses these infrequent instances to try and sway her audience into thinking that they are common occurrences.

Assess the part played by socialisation in the development of gender roles and identities

My scorn-bound edition of Chambers Concise defines socialisation as â€Å"the act or process of socialising: the process by which infants and young children become aware of society and their relationship with others1† Haralambos and Holborn2 are more comprehensive in their definition: socialisation applies to individuals and is a collection of lifelong actions and changes. Social studies of socialisation's impact upon gender roles and identities have been carried out in the modern western world3 and amongst the less densely populated and differing culture of the tribespeople of New Guinea4. The purchasing of toys, clothes, linguistic application and the direction to specified acts of play have been interpreted by Ann Oakley as culturally produced. Margaret Mead concluded from the behaviour of the three tribes she studied, that cultural choice was the driving factor with reference to adoption of gender-active norms and values. This social construct is proceeded by physical construction: obligatory nine month stay in the womb, gene-penning and receiving delivery of testosterone or oestrogen. Goldberg5 and Wilson are proponents of the view that biological determinism has a part to play, with relation to chemical influence on passive/aggressive behavioural development, and on the varying abilities of the sexes. Genetic instruction Wilson types, means men are more promiscuous due to evolutionary related urges and that women are more involved in child-care. 6 Those social scientists putting forward the importance of the ‘nature' perspective in this area are of number and both Talcott Parsons and John Bowlby have put forward sensible arguments. In this spaces, I hope to communicate my fine understanding of gender roles, identities and the evolution of, rather than biology, present here only because of the enhanced visibility of the matter. Ann Oakley3 whom I mentioned earlier based her findings on a study by Ruth Hartley around infants in a contemporary trading communities. Oakley wrote that at a young age, children's self-concept was affected through a childwear fashion manipulation. This adherence to bigger cultural norms is further expanded upon with the over-suggested direction in relation to playthings and the passive/aggressive (or submissive/dominant) images they bring. This closure of activity choice leads to a path of exposure to activity, one that is pre-defined according to stereotypes with a cautious ward glance according to gender identify. With mother and father is another primary socialiser – a black box window which brings sounds and pictures from the world around. â€Å"Television: comforter, nurturer, provider7† D. M. Meehan's study of shows like Dynasty and Dallas detected ten female character types, divided into roles that were good (submissive, sensitive and domesticated) or bad (rebellious, independent and selfish). This content analysis study of fiction serials8 brings to light the low-brow targeting of the shows, the addictive nature of the message (as the ‘soap opera/drama' form intends) is one of stagnation, gender identity is enforced by advice of repetition to the same message. In the real world, bra-burning doesn't exist as part of Women's Liberation, rape is treated sensationally and given too much word count : one wonders of the extent to which the media folk set the agenda, correlating improvement in purchases of automobiles. Women's media too, deals with ‘soft news' (such as family and fashion). This most public of images is the ideology the child finds in doctor's waiting rooms when out of comic books or toys to play with, and their views of the world are further preformed. Not that comicbooklets are much better with reference to representation. Alan Moores semiological analysis9 has findings in common with Meehans. In US comicbooklets, male characters are often ubermensch, attention centre and the only purpose of a woman in a comic is to be ‘rescued': a convenient plot device, they constantly divert the superheroes attention from worthier matters. Female characters who are strong (as with younger characters) are mere appendixes to their male counterparts- in the days of Moore's study Batwoman, Batgirl, Spiderwoman, Supergirl, WonderWoman and She-Hulk were most devoid of any personality that singled them out as fully constructed characters. A study of the teenage girls magazine ‘Jackie' found results which Angela McRobbie refers to as ‘the ideology of romance'10 : connotive and denotive casting spells of a restricted house based future, moving to marriage and child bearing and rearing. The quest for (wealthy pop media idol) boys paints on a culture of feminity to which digression is prevented and reinforced by labelling. Oakley's findings are backed up by two major studies of comprehensive school age. Sharpe11 found priorities and concerns relating to matters of â€Å"love, marriage, husbands, children, jobs and careers, more or less in that order†. A similar study ten years later, of roughly a hundred 15-16 year olds from a bigger variation of class and ethnicity got a somewhat similar result12. Hartnett, although not scribing specifically of teenage years puts forward the idea of a system whereby gender roles are shared out as sex-roles. Gender divisions are created by the assignment of quite opposite personality traits, uneven distribution of activity and social value, which accompanies this. 13 A hundred years ago, Engels14 observed many disturbing elements of the ‘traditional' family life which in the past number of decades those of the Marxist-Feminist Perspective have found recurring. The connections between patriarchy and the labour system are too pervading during the attempt to form gender norms and values. The impact of domestic labour on capitalist economy shows the girls the map to the kitchen while the ideological role family provides society, conditions the lads off to the factory15. The development of these gender roles and identities is as the marker is no doubt aware, annoyingly pessimistic, in as far as the bulk of the writings. Many of the studies on these matters are by women and the imbalance is. Anna Pollert's report on working classes is a far more encouraging scales balance. Pollert print is of the transit of women to manual labour, â€Å"immediately painfully aware of the dehumanisation, the mind-destroying emptiness of their jobs†16 Pollert states that chaps readily embrace employment, and are by default blind to this effect. Returning to biological relativity (for the time of a paragraph) and the impact of gender based identity adoption, Seligman stalks the passive and submissive element to find out that they have ‘learnt helplessness'. Seligman attempts a through connection that implies the encouragement of acts of dependency are appropriate values for a women. That women are culturally prepared to diffuse stress through the act of sharing is backed up by cultural-behavioural analyses and gender differentials in mortality and morbidity. 17 The dull, tedious nature of housework is also often fulfilling, and Oakley comments upon how there is little prestige to the work and role and a lack of bargaining power, Many married woman would agree with Oakley18 although views are constantly changing19 as the years do. The conclusion of symmetrical role balance20 (and thus symmetrical role identity) is one which Oakley solidly opposes, mostly on the grounds of it's financial intimations. The labour-family issue is riddled with colourful concepts, valid and imaginative. J. Stacey's postmodernist approach is favoured by this author, family and marriage based on relationship needs21. Views are valid regarding individual selection. Social action, social positivism. The power of suggestion. Few community analysts are absolute in their judgements, open to questioning their own theories, findings and interpretations. Critics are never rare. There are a number of challengers to these documentations of gender identity. The area of ‘Masculinity' is of primary interest as it is one that suffers from overlook in the social studies foremost represented. I've already covered men's identities as boys in earlier pages of this assignment, so I'll proceed directly to the part of education, central to the role of socialisation as it is. Marsha Jones in Sociology Review a few years back noted that equal opportunities have been so implemented that researcher concerns now focus upon the lack of educational achievement amongst boys. Jones findings are based on a statistical analysis: recent GCSE results and she goes on to comment on an increase in truancy amongst working class boys22. With regards to the tertiary socialiser (the mass media), Moore and his colleague, the unique Dave Sim23 have often noted that male entertainment media teaches that ‘character only comes through conflict'. With a patriarchy n place and males behind the camera and in front of it, this quote from W. Farrell's ‘The Myth of Male Power' could as easily apply, â€Å"It has been mainly men who have died for their country – and they have had little choice in the matter. Men do the worst jobs: they dies sooner: their lives are given less value (women and children come first): they suffer legal discrimination (eg. Custody of children): their traditional role of breadwinner is misleadingly called ‘power' (power is about the ability to control one's life, not the obligation to earn money)> Men have been opposed and damaged by gender roles. The wound that unifies all men is their disposability: as soldiers, workers, fathers. â€Å"24 As women are encouraged to go from education to domestic life quickly, men are expected to go from secondary level education to work just as fast. With regards to family, modern scientific revelations in the media, have built a social construct that whispers to man that biologically they are becoming obsolete, as sperm donators. Rising divorce rates and separation rates have meant lone parents. Rising divorce rates and separation rates have meant lone parents and absentee fathers , hardly cause for surprise when traditional roles are weighed up. ‘Feckless Fathers' who refuse to pay child support, adherents to the New Right policies police them as demons for the binding. 25 At the workplace, there is a decline of manual labour and the consequent increase in unemployment for working class men. Perhaps this is a result of women's greater visibility there, coupled with man's desire to make more of his short life, were he is expected to remain silent about his problems. â€Å"What? † I whisperscreamed in a public restaurant today, reading of D. Thomas â€Å"Not Guilty†26. In Britain in 1991, 3,007 men committed suicide (compared with 886 women, if comparison matters). Thomas goes onto calculate that males live lives 7% shorter than those of women. I find that bloody scary. Looking back to thirty years ago, the following attitudes were on that basis much more bleeding scarier and very very ugly. S. Brownmiller writing in 1975 finds â€Å"a pattern of coercive sexuality† were rape is a conscious conspiracy on the part of the male collective to keep all women in a state of fear27. Although statistical figures back up findings of domestic violence, such radical feminist outlooks in the seventies depicted men as a sex as monsters or oppressors. (Radical as Radical-militant-extremist). Around this time, Tolson identifies a ‘crisis of masculinity', with males uncertain relating to their roles, and their cause containing ‘contradictions and turmoils28'. A. Dworkin in her study of porn found that it reinforced the ‘myth' that women like to be dominated by men. There are however feminists who have taken different positions and advocate the pleasure gained from pornography and too, erotic displays. Dworkin attempts to form a causal link with domestic violence. Sadly plausible I guess estimate, but her statement that porn's social impact desensitises men is valid though somewhat one-sided29. The following year, saw two more important commentaries and studies, which seem to indicate both genders advocating a wiser and stronger approach. Coote and Campbell30 addressed feminist calls to embrace ‘heterosexual chauvinism' or ‘separatism' by pointing out that those roles were as trappings. The aim of a ‘self-determining sexuality' was given, with sexual preference and lifestyle down to individual choice. Goode31 states that most men were genuinely surprised by the discontent of women and slowly started adjusting to changing gender roles. Margaret Thatcher, the most powerful visible female role model in the UK had at this point begun to hint at her own secret agendas, lunacie, and sent masses of male troops off to the Falkland Islands to die. The final decade of the eighties saw sociological theory based on good research get into the intricacies of observing and observable gender norms and values. Carrigan et al32 identify hegemonic and subordinate masculine image in dominance. Wolf exposes the false ideology that is the beauty myth and it's damaging effects such as the creation of inferiority complexes among older women. With the 1990s only recently ended, I am unable to form quite as crystallised a picture of gender socialisation developing as the years prior. At this point, I have no new studies to mention that haven't already been mentioned in this chronology of gender norms and values. However, Farrell in his 1992 work suggests that that the world is both patriarchal and matriarchal and I quote a weighty note of advanced healthier optimism, â€Å"What we need is not a women's movement or a men's movement but a gender transition movement† As strong a signalling for positive socialisation if ever I've read one.

The Importance of a Portfolio

A portfolio is a well created collection of documentation that helps the interviewee monitor their growth and success in a specific field. A portfolio should reflect your accomplishments, skills, experiences, and attributes. I believe that a portfolio is essential for you as the interviewee to prove what works you have completed and show organization and consistency which can be overlooked if there is not one present. It also can help you gain confidence when you can visually review what your efforts have become in its entirety where in some cases there might not be any confidence or you may feel as though you have accomplished nothing. In your portfolio should be your resume, a letter of reference, samples of diagrams or events you have worked on in your previous positions or schooling, performance monitoring documents if you have them, school transcripts and certificates showing your grades, and some samples of your skills like writing documents or events that you may have planned within your career. The most essential reason it is important is in its ability to allow the interviewer a better way to review your growth and development and compare it to how you may grow in their company. Another important feature in a portfolio is the fact that it is or should be constantly changing. As an interviewee, your portfolio from 2008 should not have the same accomplishments as 2011 seeing as though you have had 3 years of opportunity to gain new skills, experienced different situations, and overall accomplished harder and or different challenges. Since most people don’t use portfolios, having one can set you apart from other applicants when applying to a position. With a portfolio you are able to customize your style of portfolio and showcase not only your jobs skills and experience, but also your ability to be creative. How you choose to organize your portfolio advertises your personality to potential employers and organizations and that alone may get you the job. The use of a portfolio is just limited to a professional setting, it can also be used in a school setting to assist you in receiving scholarships and grants so that you can further your education. Also sense a portfolio demonstrates prior work or learning experiences it can be used in some cases to obtain educational credits based off of what you have already had experience instead of paying a additional cost to be taught in that field.

The Catcher In The Rye Essays - J. D. Salinger, Literary Realism

The Catcher In The Rye Essays - J. D. Salinger, Literary Realism The Catcher in the Rye I. Critical Biography J.D. Salinger is an American author who wrote the famous novel "The Catcher in the Rye." It was written in 1951, (encyclopedia, Pg. 60). It ranks as a minor classic. This story is popular among American high school and college students. Salinger was born in New York City in 1919. His full name is Jarome David Salinger. Salinger has written several other books in his life. Salinger wrote some later fiction that centered on the Glass Family. These books included Franny and Zooey, Rise High the Roof Beam, and Carpenters on Seymore. He writes extremely comical books. II. Synopsis The book "The Catcher in the Rye," was an interesting novel. It includes a teenage boy named Holden. Holden just got kicked out of a prep school named Pensey, because he did not keep his grades up. He knew he was going home that next week. One night a few days before he was getting sent home he left the school. He really had no idea where he was going. He couldn't go home because he wasn't sure whether his parents knew he was kicked out of Pensey or not. First off he goes to a hotel to stay. He had many experiences that night. One example was when he had a prostitute in his room at one minute and was getting beat up the next. Needless to say he had some bad experiences that night. He was in search of self-understanding and the meaning of life. Holden is trying to decide what to do with his life and where to go. He finally goes home to see his sister, with whom he feels close to. He thinks of going west and being a deaf-mute. When he is all packed up to go, he leaves a note with his sister at the school. She meets him and tells him that she is going with him. He tells her no. Then he realizes that the idea of this trip was unrealistic. He goes home and sees his parents. His parents enrolled into another school. III Analysis of the Theme This story teaches a good lesson on how to deal with situations in life the right way. In this story Holden runs from his problems to make them better. I saw all the trouble that it got him into. First he should have stayed in school or at least gone home to face his parents after he was kicked out. Holden was in search of himself. He wanted to see what he could do or be. He went about it all the wrong way. He should have applied himself at the first school that he went to and prevent so many problems. Then he would go further quicker. I learned not to run from your problems because they will always catch up with you. IV. Character The main character in this story is Holden. He is a teenage boy that is having a hard time staying in school. He is not the conceited type or the really shy type. He was really confused and had no idea what direction his life should follow when he went to Pencey Prep. He had to find out who he was on his little adventure when he left Pencey. It seemed like everything depressed him. He really learns fast. In about two days he went from wondering where he was going to get it all back together. He realized who and what was important to him. He is a pretty smart and level headed guy. He learned quite a bunch on this little adventure. He had a different way of looking at things than most people. Everything is really depressing to him. The most important person in his life is his sister. He had a few girlfriends along the way, but he did not know how to get along with them very well. V. Conclusion This was a really good novel. It is the type of book that once you pick it up you cannot put it down. It has many good characters in this book. The values in this book are great. It has valuable lessons in it. It relates to many teenagers. That is probably why it is popular among high school and college students. I was really impressed by and enjoyed this book. I definitely see why it is on the list. I would recommend this book to all my friends. This is one of the best books that I have read. This has many life lessons in this book that I can relate to. The lessons in this book will really help

David Gale essays

David Gale essays Deviances are considered to be a part of society that have went against the rules of the so-called norms. Deviance can also be called abnormality. A University professor named David Gale had society turn around him and consider him a deviant after they found his work Colleague, Constances body, dead and raped in his kitchen. David Gale is not a deviant because he was convicted of a crime he did not do and was framed for a second crime he did not do. In the beginning of this interesting film, David Gale got caught in a trap by a desperate failing student who would do anything to pass her course. Of course David Gale was smart enough to tell the student that the only way to pass this course was for her to study. However, the young student was in such desperation of passing that she attached herself in a party where Professor David Gale was drunk. As David Gale went to the bathroom, the student followed him and seduced him leading them to engage in sexual activity. As the scene progressed, the student framed David Gale by asking him to rip her undergarments, and scratched skin off of his back. The student then charged David with these acts to the police which then got him arrested for rape showing him how desperate the student was of passing the course, therefore David Gale is not a deviant because he did not commit any act against society and also the student was involved as she wanted this happen to her, but he should have been more careful. Second, the whole life of David Gale story was that of a University Professor who was put on death row for the murder of his work colleague, Constance. David Gale and Constance had a good and safe relationship between each other. Constance lived her life for liberating people who have been sentenced to death row. One day after David and Constance were engaged in sexual activity, Constances body was found beaten and raped with David Gales semen in her genital pri ...

Teaching Students with Down Syndrome

Teaching Students with Down Syndrome Down Syndrome is a chromosomal abnormality and one of the most common genetic conditions. It occurs in approximately one in every 700 to one 1,000 live births. Down syndrome accounts for approximately 5 percent to 6 percent of intellectual disabilities.  Most students with Down syndrome fall into the mild to moderate range of cognitive impairment. Physically, a student with Down syndrome is easily recognizable due to characteristics such as a smaller overall stature, flat facial profile, thick epicanthic folds in the corners of their eyes, protruding tongues, and muscle hypotonia (low muscle tone). Cause of Down Syndrome Down syndrome was first identified as a discrete disorder with a set of similar  symptoms or characteristics, which are related to the presence of extra chromosome 21. Those characteristics include: Short stature and shortened bonesThick tongues and small oral cavitiesModerate to mild intellectual disabilitiesLow or inadequate muscle tone. Best Practices for Teachers There are a number of best practices for working with students with Down syndrome. In teaching, best practices are procedures and strategies that, through research, have been shown to be effective. Those strategies include: Inclusion:  Students with special needs should be full members of age-appropriate inclusive classes to the extent they can be. Effective inclusion means that the teacher must be fully supportive of the model. The inclusive environment is less likely to stigmatize and provides a much more natural environment for the students. There are more opportunities for peer relationships to occur and much of the research states that full integration works better than classrooms that are segregated according to cognitive ability or special needs. Building self-esteem:  The physical characteristics of a student with Down syndrome will often result in a lowered self-esteem, which means the teacher needs to take every opportunity to boost self-confidence and instill pride through a variety of strategies. Progressive learning:  Students with Down syndrome usually face many intellectual challenges. Strategies that work for mildly disabled students and/or students with significant learning disabilities will also work with these students. Most students with Down syndrome do not progress beyond the intellectual capabilities of a normal developing 6-to-8-year-old. However, a teacher should always strive to move the child progressively along the learning continuum- never assume the child isnt capable. Solid intervention and high-quality instruction lead to improved academic achievement for students with Down syndrome. Through a multimodal approach, a teacher uses as many concrete materials and real-world authentic situations as possible. The teacher should use language appropriate for student understanding, speak slowly when necessary, and always break tasks into smaller steps and provide instruction for each step. Students with Down syndrome usually have good short-term memory. Minimize distractions: Students with special needs are often easily distracted. Teachers should employ strategies that work to minimize distractions such as keeping the student away from the window, using a structured environment, keeping the noise level down, and having an orderly classroom where students are free from surprises and know the expectations, routines, and rules. Teachers should use direct instruction in short periods of time along with brief activities to help to support learning, and they should introduce new material slowly, sequentially, and in a step-by-step fashion. Employ speech-and-language instruction:  Children with Down syndrome can suffer from serious problems such as hearing difficulties and articulation problems. Sometimes they will require speech/language intervention and a great deal of direct instruction. In some cases, augmentative or facilitated communication will be a good alternative for communication. Teachers should use patience and model appropriate interactions at all times. Behavior-management techniques: Strategies used for other students should not differ for the student with Down syndrome. Positive reinforcement is a much better strategy than punitive techniques. Reinforcers need to be meaningful. The strategies a teacher uses to reach and teach a student with Down syndrome will often be beneficial to many learners in the classroom. Using the above strategies can be effective with students of all levels of ability.

Stock option backdating Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Stock option backdating - Essay Example Backdating can take on several meanings. The most culpable form of backdating involves "intentionally changing the date used to set an option's exercise price to one on which the stock's price was at a low" (Ellsworth et al., 2006). This form of backdating was abetted by the relatively lax legislation before the Sarbanes-Oxley Act was enacted in 2002. The Sarbanese-Oxley Act mandated that stock options be filed within 2 days after they are granted (FindLaw, 2002), mitigating the backdating problem. Before the Sarbanese-Oxley Act came into effect, option grants were reported using Form 5 which primary use is for the disclosure of "the transactions and holdings of directors, officers, and beneficial owners of registered companies" (Securities and Exchange Commission, n.d.). Furthermore, the form is required to be filed only "on or before the 45th day after the end of the issuer's fiscal year" (Securities and Exchange Commission, n.d.). This essentially means that if the stock options w ere granted early in the fiscal year, investors would not come to know of them until almost 1 year later, giving more leeway for insiders to manipulate the date on which the exercise price was established. Most of the 63 companies involved in stock option backdating "relate to a roughly six-year period prior to the Sarbanes-Oxley legislation" (Grant and Nuttall, 2006). ... Such company actions and policies include sloppy documentation, delays in the grant approval process, and the wrong interpretation of APB Opinion No. 25 Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees (Ellsworth et al., 2006). Summary of Statement No. 123 Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees prescribes that the intrinsic value or fair value based method of accounting be used for the valuation of stock options (Financial Accounting Standards Board, 1995). Most companies continue with the intrinsic value based method of accounting (Ellsworth et al., 2006). Under the intrinsic value based method, "compensation cost is the excess, if any, of the quoted market price of the stock at grant date or other measurement date over the amount an employee must pay to acquire the stock" (Financial Accounting Standards Board, 1995). If company actions are efficient, the measurement date would be the same as the grant date, and no compensation cost is recorded. More often than not, due to procedures such as the signing of the resolution by the directors, the measurement date would be at a later date than the grant date. If the price of the underlying stock has risen over the period between the measurement date and the grant date, the stock option is in the money and the difference should be recognized as compensation expense. Backdating occurs when companies, whether intentionally or unintentionally, choose to use the price of the underlying stock on the grant date as the basis for measuring the compensation cost. An example of the above form of backdating of stock options is Michaels Stores Inc., which understated compensation expenses by as much as $60 million between 1990 and 2001 (Bulkeley, 2006; Maremont, 2006). Michaels

USA World Bank Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

USA World Bank - Case Study Example USA World Bank has been a very successful firm, both for consumers and small businesses domestically and internationally. Like all companies, it needs to come up with new and exciting products for its customers so that they remain committed to the company. The Board of Directors wants the company to launch just one product each year. This one product can focus on the consumer side or the small business owner side. However this can result in conflicting ideas internally and as well as with conflicting customers. It is the decision of the president and vice president to come up with the new product and launch it in the current time frame.Each year Managers at USA World Bank are required to launch a new product for their bank. This has become the tradition that the president and vice president of New Product Development brainstorm and then create an idea for the product and then present it to the Board of Directors for approval. In recent years the all the new products launched have bee n marginally successful therefore there is increased pressure on the president and vice president this year to deliver the goods. Without concurrent launching of new products, USA World Bank feels that it would lose its market share and its huge customer base to other new and agile banks. [3]Like any company UWB, wants to maximize its profitability while satisfying its customer needs. It takes into consideration the customer requirements and prioritizes the needs to identify which customers its product will be targeted towards. The Company faces a dilemma in this scenario whether to launch a Consumer Product or a Small business Owner product. Catering to one or the other will create a bad reputation from the other side. The second stakeholders are the general consumers. They have the right to purchase the product from UWB and to be or not to be a part of the company. They want to maximize the utility they get on purchasing the products from the company. Their interests clash with the interest of the Small Business Owner Card holders and they are given higher priority. The third stakeholders are Small Business Owners for whom a different kind of card is being sought to be produced. They have the right to purchase the product from UWB and to be or not to be a part of the company. They want to maximize the utility they get on purchasing the products from the company. Their interests clash with the interest of the general consumers because they are given lesser priority. [1] Problem Statement USA World Bank will cater to all customers to increase market share and market value by building close customer relationships. End-State Vision USA World Bank will add value to its customer base by offering affordable products and incentives to increase its market share. Alternative Solutions Alternative solutions are generated from the problem at hand. Mary Monroe wants to go ahead with the Consumer product while Jim and executives emphasize for the Small Business Owner product. Brian is confused whether to go for both products or simply do more research to find out which one is more feasible. Here is the list of alternate solutions Launch General Consumer Product Launch Small Business Owner Product Launch Both Products These alternatives are included in the secondary alternatives as the company wants to launch the product this year without any delays. Delay launching product until further research studies are not completed Don't launch any product this year Analysis of Alternative Solutions There are 4 different goals that have been identified for USA World Bank from this scenario. The cost is not considered that important like Brian Allen said therefore it is assigned a rating of 2. A

Language Games Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Language Games - Essay Example Wittgenstein argues that people create meaning of words in the context of language game. Whilst watching soccer, the philosophical ideas occurred to Ludwig that in case a person without soccer knowledge is watching the football match, the game would seem meaningless to him. Therefore, for him to understand the meaning of the football game, he should first recognize the rules applied in the soccer game. However, the confusion erupts when people use language according to rules inappropriate to the circumstances. This confusion arises in case people do not understand the context of the language rules imposed upon a certain discourse. In fact, one cannot understand the truth from untruth, but those who understand the rules of the language game can only find the similarities and differences in other games (Kuusela 46). This is because the rules of the language games are inherently different; thus to understand them appropriately, one should first understand the rules applied in the language games. Other philosophers such as Socrates, Parmenides, Hume and other people such as Heraclitus and Nietzsche went wrong in their thinking. For instance, Nietzsche wrote critical texts about religion, science and philosophy in an ironical, metaphorical and aphorism way. The Socrates also understood language in different way; thus, they presented their philosophical ideas in different context withou t following rules applied in the language

Current Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Current Issues - Essay Example In addition, the state has joined half of other states in the U.S. and gone ahead signing the Medicaid expansion program, which is going to be fund by the Federal government, for a period of 3 years. The Governor and the lawmakers have done this by extending the program to adult persons earning up to 138% of the level of Federal poverty (MPRnews, n.d.). Other crucial issues that are being discussed by the legislatures and the governor include the budget, which is the focus; taxes, which, Gov. Dayton is saying that, he wants making Minnesota’s tax system simpler and fairer, by unveiling a tax reform plan. New plans for a health insurance exchange required by the Affordable Care Act unveiled by President Obama are underway (Governing, n.d.). In addition to the aforementioned issues, other issues underway include the same-sex marriage, which is illegal in Minnesota, public safety issues, which were triggered by the recent shootings of high profile, election issues, triggered by the Republican-backed amendment to the constitution, requiring voters to produce photo identification (Liz, 2014). Finally, the sand mining issues, which the governor says will be huge in the current season, and transportation. Therefore, it is evident that there are a couple of issues that the governor and lawmakers be pushing for in the current year, w hich form our current issues in Minnesota. Liz, F., Chris, K., Wogan, J.B., Mike, M., and Ryan, H. (2014). The Top ten Legislative Issues to Watch in 2014. Retrieved from

Language Acquisition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Language Acquisition - Essay Example The myth that â€Å"Languages are learned mainly through imitation† is such a shallow concept of language learning and undermines the great researchers that have been dedicated to its study. No doubt, language may be learned through imitation, but the language learner does not stop at imitating a language model. He goes beyond that. There have been many theories conceptualized as to how language is acquired by human beings. Lindfors (1987) claims, â€Å"Virtually every child, without special training, exposed to surface structures of language in many interaction contexts, builds for himself – in a short period of time and at an early stage in his cognitive development – a deep-level, abstract, and highly complex system of linguistic structure and use. â€Å"( p. 90) This implies that every child is capable of learning the language. Skinner’s Behaviorist Model of language acquisition is consistent with the rules of operant conditioning, based upon a stimulus-response model. Simply put, infants are presented with language which they imitate. They are rewarded for their imitations so they continue to repeat what they have heard. Their imitation does not have to be exact or immediate in order for them to make use of it in learning the language (Brewer, 2001). However, as the child grows, imita tion should approximate the accurate pronunciation of words. According to the behaviorist view, an individual is reinforced (positively or negatively) for responses to various stimuli, hence, the external environment plays a great part in the formation of behaviors. By administering positive reinforcement such as praising or smiling when the desired behavior occurs and administering negative reinforcement such as scolding or correcting when an undesired behavior occurs, one is assumed to encourage the desired behavior and make it more likely that that behavior will recur (Lindfors, 1987).   

Incident of Morales video Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Incident of Morales video - Essay Example However, the question remains: who is the one responsible for the death of Manuel Ortega? First issue questionable in the video was the hiring of the engineer Fred Martinez. He was a consultant of the competing company such that he is knowledgeable of confidential information about ChemiToil. Although it has been clarified that Fred did not sign any legal papers that restricts him from sharing secrets from ChemiToil, there is a difference between doing something illegal with doing something unethical. If Engineer Martinez revealed classified information to Phaust, he would have disobeyed the rule of practice stating that â€Å"Engineers shall not reveal facts, data, or information without the prior consent of the client or employer except as authorized or required by law or this Code (NSPE, 2007)† even if he is no longer en employee of ChemiToil. The fact, however, that Phaust has to formulate their own recipe for paint remover suggests that Fred did not disclose sensitive inf ormation from his former clients. It was also clarified that Fred designed the plant based on the preliminary documents from Chuck and Wally; not from the design of ChemiToil. These imply that the engineer did not do anything unethical regarding this issue of confidentiality. The next debatable issue came when 20 percent of the budget was cut off. The stress brought about by this event evidently caused the decisions that later lead to the death of their colleague. Fred did his job by clarifying to his bosses that there is a possibility for the project to be unsuccessful. However, it is also stated under the Code of Ethics that â€Å"If the client or employer insists on such unprofessional conduct, (the engineer) shall notify the proper authorities and withdraw from further service on the project (NSPE, 2007)†. Fred should not have let his boss Wally oppress him into following orders instead of making sure proper measures were implemented for the safety on the plant. The most alarming part of the whole video was when Wally talked to Fred about how everything is just about business and profit. He insisted that they should blindly follow orders from higher bosses. This part showed that the money restrictions were not only due to economic reasons but for personal gain. Wally risked the quality of the construction just to make sure that the employees get their bonuses. It was very subjective and selfish. Fred was also wrong to accept this reason. It is his responsibility to put the safety of everyone before personal gain. He should have reasoned out with Wally about this. They should not have kept this reason from the others. Everybody else was under the impression that there was no other choice except to cut expenses. It was one of the key scenes when the Mexican Official asked Fred what he thinks if the point in which the mistake was made. It made the audience start to wonder and be aware of the turn of events. It was when the Mexican official asked if eco nomic issues dominated the decision making of the project that Fred made a very unethical gesture. In this part, Fred denied being influenced by economic factors. It has been clear all through out the story that the restrictions were due to finances. It was clear that the characters understood perfectly the risks they are taking just because of money constraints. It is very much established in the Code of Ethics that engineers should be guided by the highest standards

Language Acquisition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Language Acquisition - Essay Example The myth that â€Å"Languages are learned mainly through imitation† is such a shallow concept of language learning and undermines the great researchers that have been dedicated to its study. No doubt, language may be learned through imitation, but the language learner does not stop at imitating a language model. He goes beyond that. There have been many theories conceptualized as to how language is acquired by human beings. Lindfors (1987) claims, â€Å"Virtually every child, without special training, exposed to surface structures of language in many interaction contexts, builds for himself – in a short period of time and at an early stage in his cognitive development – a deep-level, abstract, and highly complex system of linguistic structure and use. â€Å"( p. 90) This implies that every child is capable of learning the language. Skinner’s Behaviorist Model of language acquisition is consistent with the rules of operant conditioning, based upon a stimulus-response model. Simply put, infants are presented with language which they imitate. They are rewarded for their imitations so they continue to repeat what they have heard. Their imitation does not have to be exact or immediate in order for them to make use of it in learning the language (Brewer, 2001). However, as the child grows, imita tion should approximate the accurate pronunciation of words. According to the behaviorist view, an individual is reinforced (positively or negatively) for responses to various stimuli, hence, the external environment plays a great part in the formation of behaviors. By administering positive reinforcement such as praising or smiling when the desired behavior occurs and administering negative reinforcement such as scolding or correcting when an undesired behavior occurs, one is assumed to encourage the desired behavior and make it more likely that that behavior will recur (Lindfors, 1987).   

ASPECTS OF CONTRACT AND NEGLIGENCE Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ASPECTS OF CONTRACT AND NEGLIGENCE - Assignment Example This paper analyzes various aspects of a contract, and to an extension the concept of negligence to perform on the contract. In the essay, several studies cases will be analyzed in order to uncover the omission of vital elements of the contract. To achieve the stated objectives, the article will evaluate each and every study case critically and state the applicable consequences of the actions or inactions of the individuals in the study case. Written contracts are the most preferred types of contracts by many common legal systems. In most countries, all contracts pertaining tangible product sales worth more than $500 are required to be ratified in writing and the parties concerned should append their signatures. Examples of contracts that must be in writing include all land dealings, house sales, vehicles and many others. It is paramount to note that immediately someone signs a written contract provided the documents used is contractual in nature, they are legally bound by it irrespective of whether they read and understood the terms and conditions (Poole, 2014, p.86). Written contracts help parties involved understand their commitments and avoid the "he said, she said" dispute in case court prosecution is necessary. These are contracts formed whereby parties contact or meet face to face and enter into an agreement. Such contract provides the element of identity which is very crucial in contracts and a contract can automatically be termed as void because of mistakes relating to identity, particularly if the identity is necessary. Example of cases that have been declared void because of this issue include the Phillips v Brooks and Shogun Finance Ltd v Hudson (Poole, 2014, p.96). Distance sales contracts, currently known as consumer contracts are contracts that pertain to the sale of goods without face-to-face contact. Suppliers are required by law to disclose

Compare and contrast David Landes and Andre Gunder Frank’s explanations of economic development and underdevelopment Essay Example for Free

Compare and contrast David Landes and Andre Gunder Frank’s explanations of economic development and underdevelopment Essay Prompt: Compare and contrast David Landes and Andre Gunder Frank’s explanations of economic development and underdevelopment. How do these authors explain the development of Japan in the 19th century? This paper will analyze the arguments on development and underdevelopment from the point of view of David Landes and Andre Gunder Frank. At the very beginning of Frank’s essay, he clarifies three characteristics of countries, developed, underdeveloped and undeveloped. Meaning of developed country is obvious but Frank states that there are misconceptions about the other two terms. Undeveloped basically refers to countries that is not yet start developing or did not manage to develop whereas underdeveloped means not completely developed but still developing. Some of underdeveloped countries are dealing with the issue of disparities in income and cultural differences among the society. This situation leads to existence of social classes and this is called ‘dual society’. Main reason of this problem is while the capitalists are growing economically, the other part remains isolated thus they are less developed. According to Frank, Japan grew rapidly after the Meiji Restoration. Industrialization period was very successful in Japan even though they do not have adequate resource. Reason of this growth is Japan is not satellized during the Tokugawa and Meiji period. As a result development of Japan was greater than other satellized countries such as Russia and South American countries. On the other hand David Landes suggested some ideas that caused Japanese development. Landes thinks that society plays an important role on development. They were highly motivated to work for their country and they believed that their country would develop such as European countries. Thus they inspired by their success and carried themselves country to the same level.

Analysis of Fences by August Wilson :: essays research papers

The theme of August Wilson’s play â€Å"Fences† is the coming of age in the life of a broken black man. Wilson wrote about the black experience in different decades and the struggle that many blacks faced, and that is seen in â€Å"Fences† because there are two different generations portrayed in Troy and Cory. Troy plays the part of the protagonist who has been disillusioned throughout his life by everyone he has been close to. He was forced to leave home at an early age because his father beat him so dramatically. Troy never learned how to treat people close to him and he never gave any one a chance to prove themselves because he was selfish. This makes Troy the antagonist in the story because he is not only hitting up against everyone in the play, but he is also hitting up against himself and ultimately making his life more complicated. The discrimination that Troy faced while playing baseball and the torment he endures as a child shape him into one of the most dynamic characters in literary history.The central conflict is the relationship between Troy and Cory. The two of them have conflicting views about Cory’s future and, as the play goes on, this rocky relationship crumbles because Troy will not let Cory play collegiate football. The relationship becomes even more destructive when Troy admits to his relationship with Alberta and he admits Gabriel to a mental institution by accident. The complication begins in Troy’s youth, when his father beat him unconscious. At that moment, Troy leaves home and begins a troubled life on his own, and gaining a self-destructive outlook on life. â€Å"Fences† has many instances that can be considered the climax, but the one point in the story where the highest point of tension occurs, insight is gained and a situation is resolved is when Rose tells Troy that Alberta died having his baby, Raynell.

Genetically Modified Crops Essay -- GMOs Genetically Modified Foods

Genetically Modified Crops Genetically modified crops (GM crops) climb to the top on the hotly debated issues list of society. In 1996, no GM crops were cultivated on a commercial scale in the United States. In 2002, 75% of soya, 71% of cotton, and 34% of all maize grown in America is GM ("Grim Reaper" 1). Many issues surround this controversial topic such as safety, ethics, and foreign relations. Many of these concerns are well stressed in mass media, but sometimes biased views are the only ones presented. Safety with human health and the effects on the environment appear to be the strongest and most discussed subject matter. While issues of concern accompany the usage of GM crops, argument can be made to justify their production. HISTORY What many people do not know is that genetic modification has been going on since the founder of Genetics, Gregor Mendel, cross- bred his pea plants for different affects. Many of the flowers sold and bought in our society are mutations and mixing of genes. "The corn we eat today is the result of decades of · self-pollination followed by cross-pollination to produce vigorous hybrid plants" ("History" 3). For well over a century, playing with genes has given humans a more cost and space efficient means of mass-producing plants, whether that is corn, potatoes, strawberries or flowers. The National Research Council met in 1989 to discuss some concerns over field testing of GM organisms (GMOs). A report from the National Academy of Science said, "Crops modified by genetic engineering should pose risks that are no different from those of cops modified by classical genetic methods" (Hokanson 1). These classical methods range from Mendel's cross-breeding to wi... ...gy Products being Developed" Council for Agricultural Science and Technology December 2, 1999 "Public 'Misled' On GE Risk" Knowledge Centre par. 8; Feb 25, 2001: "Risks and Concerns" Center for Life Sciences and Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences Colorado State University Par. 12; August 19, 2002 Robinson, Clare. "GM Issues: An Introduction to the Scientific Issues of GM" John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK 2000: Stokstad, Erik. "A Little Pollen Goes a Long Way" Science Now July 1, 2002: 1-2. "What's Wrong with Genetic Engineering?" Organic Consumers Association Par.1;

Political Geography Essay

Abstract   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Numerous aspects of political geographic research inevitably impact our lives. This impact can either be perceived in our daily activities, or can play crucial role for the development of global international relations. Extensive knowledge of Political Geography is required for the sound development of various domestic policies, starting with transport and communications, and up to the issues of sea and oceans politics. Political Geography   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The most interesting aspect of Political Geography learned in this course   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Answering the question â€Å"what is the most interesting aspect of Political Geography learned in this course†, the following parameters should be considered: the most interesting aspect of Political Geography and its impact onto the real-life political processes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The issues of economic development and their close relation to the issues within the area of foreign relations seem to be the most important and interesting aspects of Political Geography. As far as these two aspects constantly interact, they should also be considered together. Glassner and Fahrer (2003) viewed the process of economic development through the prism of historical studies: the end of colonial era was marked by the growing need to invest all available economic resources into the development of the newly born states. â€Å"The colonial countries invested in their colonies whatever they felt was necessary to control and administer the territory† (p. 242). As a result, the ex-colonies had to find the same available resources in order to promote their further economic development. This is where Political Geography came into action: the development of foreign relations had to be based on thorough research of potential political (and especially, economic) partners. For example, the ex-colony Tuvalu has entered the United Nations only after 22 years of its independence: this time period was required to weigh economic pros and cons of foreign relations (Glassner & Fahrer, p. 244). The new countries not only had to clearly delineate their physical borders, but to determine what economic resources they could offer their partners in exchange for other resources or intangible economic benefits. â€Å"A new country has not only domestic problems to wrestle with, but foreign ones as well† (p. 244). As a result, the country cannot successfully build its relations with foreign economic partners without properly evaluating its position, and the position of other countries in the world geographical structure. Proper evaluation of this position is impossible without extensive knowledge of Political Geography.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As we consider economic development to be the most important aspect of Political Geography, it is difficult to deny that economic development cannot be successful and predictable without profound knowledge of Political Geography.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   U.S. oceans policies   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The U.S. oceans policies should be developed with the account of the cultural, economic, and political parameters. The crucial aspects of oceans policies will relate to the economic zones, political delineation of shelf areas, and cultural awareness in the area of international seabed territories.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Prior to 1945, the continental shelf was a geological feature known only to geologists† (p. 454). However, political and economic conditions must emphasize the importance of continental shelf in the state oceans policy. The shelf has become the political tool of controlling economic resources of the coastal states; as a result, the coastal shelf issues should be considered through both economic and political prisms. As long as the primary purpose of the state is to control its territorial integrity, the boundaries of the coastal shelf are not an exception (Agnew 2002, p. 80). This is why the political emphasis in the new ocean policy should be made upon the importance of coastal shelf for the economic and political stability of the country. Another economic aspect of ocean policies is in developing the criteria of effectiveness for exclusive economic zones. â€Å"Each coastal state now is entitled to a zone, seaward of the territorial sea and adjacent to it, within which it has sovereign rights† (p. 453). New oceans policies should pursue the effective exploration of the discussed zones with the account of possible environmental problems and potential environmental damage. Cultural awareness of mass population about the environmental issues within the oceans policies should be promoted as a part of the overall national oceans strategy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The new oceans policy should emphasize the important cultural and environmental, as well as political and economic aspects. It is important that the new policy not only emphasizes previous achievements, but effectively utilizes them to develop new policy directions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What aspect of Political Geography is the most important to our daily life?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Political Geography inevitably impacts our daily life. In this aspect, we have to define what elements of Political Geography we find crucial for our daily activity, and how they influence us.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   No one doubts that transportation and communication are the two essential elements of our daily lives; yet, not everyone knows that transportation and communication are the two aspects of Political Geography. â€Å"Movement, one of the five themes of geography, is critically important to all life on Earth and especially so to people† (p. 511). The discussed elements not only impact our daily lives, but provide the continuity of political, economic, and social processes at the global level. Transport and communications are traditionally perceived as some distant large-scale issues. However, when it comes to the need to travel, especially at a long distance, transportation issues directly impact our daily performance. Any political and geographical problems (weather, political conflicts between the states, military operations, and smaller issues with traffic jams) break our schedules, and throw us into the whirl of issues which should be resolved immediately and all together. Air transport appears to be the most politicized of all (p. 520). Ultimately, this is the air transport which is mostly impacted by political and geographical aspects, and which often does not suggest any traveling alternatives (especially in terms of overseas journeys). We often do not realize the significance of communication and transport until we face certain communication problems. Political Geography sheds the light onto the basic policies in the area of communication and transport, of which we should be aware in our daily activity (Blacksell, 2005). Even if our professions are not directly connected with transport and communications, these are the two elements of our life with which we come in touch daily. References Agnew, J. (2002). Making Political Geography. McGraw-Hill. Blacksell, M. (2005). Political geography. Routledge. Glassner, M. & Fahrer, C. (2003). Political Geography. Wiley, 3rd edition.      Ã‚     

Of mice and men is the story of two men George Milton and Lennie Small Essay

Of mice and men is the story of two men George Milton and Lennie Small who are two people who move from place to place in search of work. This is so that one day they can afford to buy a small farm somewhere where they can live alone and be there own bosses. George looks after Lennie because Lennie is mentally slow and he has looked after him since Lennie’s aunt died, because Lennie is mentally challenged, he tends to get George and himself into trouble because of stupid little things. They where on the run and they found a ranch in the Salinas valley California where they could work as ranch hands. Crooks, the black stable buck, was a proud aloof man who kept his distance from other people and demanded that they keep their own distance too. This was because he was black and at the time this novel was written, there was a lot of racist discrimination towards people with black skin, and so if he did mix with the others they would just make a mockery of him by using sarcasm and taunts. Crooks was obviously a very intelligent person because he controlled his inner anger towards the other people on the ranch but he was also a proud and bitter man. Proud because he never let anyone see how he truly felt and the ridicule and name calling and bitter because of the way he is treated and he passes on the hurt feeling he has to other people he thinks that there will be no recriminations from. He feels he is isolated because he is the only black man on the ranch and one of the very few black people in the entire area. Crooks is treated badly due to the racism in both the ranch and society as a whole. At the time when this story was written, the world was a very racist place and anyone with a different coloured skin other than white was treated differently. He was called a nigger and yet he was born in America so in fact, he was a true American and not a nigger, but due to him being black, he was treated very differently. He was given all the jobs that a white man would like to consider below him, i.e. cleaning out the stables. Even though the workers on the ranch did not set out to insult him deliberately, the use of the term ‘nigger’ signals to people that black men like Crooks were degraded both verbally and physically by people with white skin. Crooks was openly referred to as a ‘nigger’, which amplifies the casual racism that was directed at him by the others. Crooks bullies Lennie because he has been tormented and bullied all the time he has been able to understand the facts of racial prejudice. He is then given the chance to bully Lennie. To get Lennie’s attention he uses a subdued and convincing voice. When he gets the affect he wants he then turns to bullying and you can see his â€Å"face lighted with pleasure in his torture†. He revelled in the suffering and tribulation he put on Lennie because he is enjoying bullying instead of being bullied himself. He also likes his new level as he can only do this to Lennie because he is not a threat and it is possibly the only time he can get his own back in some small way shape of form. Crooks’ character helps to widen the theme of loneliness in the novel because all the men on the ranch would have been proud and bitter men in someway because of the work they were forced to do. In addition, the way it says that it is unusual for people to travel around in twos I think that they were used to people keeping them selves to them because at the time it was written it was the great depression and so people were sad and tended not to communicate with other people. Crooks is given the smallest most desolate room on the ranch he is made to keep away from the bunkhouse where the rest of the workers work. His room is not only his room it is sort of an equipment store a place where equipment gets fixed. He is the also the only black person on the ranch and possibly the only black person for miles, which means that he has no one of his own race to converge with. The other thing that is not on his side is that with him being black no one would believe him if any thing went wrong an example of this is when Curleys wife goes into Crooks’ room and crooks tell her to leave she replies with that she calls him a nigger ands that she could get him lynched (hanged) quiet easily, implying that she doesn’t like him and that she could do it if she was pushed. The language used to describe Crooks gives him a lack of recognition which help the author to make the reader of the novel feel sorry for Crooks and that they would just want to help him. John Steinbeck uses this to show his lack of identity and thus making him an outsider to the rest of the people on the ranch who have a full explicit description of the way they look. The lack of description of crooks makes us feel sympathetic towards him Steinbeck also uses like a sad slow old-fashioned form of writing to make you feel like he is lonely and is sympathetic towards him. Crooks is quit an important character in the novel it helps the writer convey the loneliness and solitude there must have been being a worker on a desolate ranch. Crooks is also the only person in the novel who can take part in one of the novels main themes (discrimination). It is also a good way of letting you see what life was like and the way people strived to make their life long dream come true (the American dream). After a while Crooks begins to trust Lennie and they become friends, which is another (friendship).

In a dark time Essay

Reading and understanding poems is a creative process that goes on in time and from line to line even as the poet’s creation does. In the poem Roethke tries to break through the barriers of rational language with paradoxes and short, seemingly unrelated statements. In a sense, Roethke’s poem is also a commentary on the experience, and his essay is another attempt to record his mystical enlightenment. Each expression in turn becomes its own experience for the writer. â€Å"In a Dark Time,† was a dictated poem, something scarcely mine at all. The allegorical nature of his spiritual journey is clear from the phrase â€Å"A man goes far to find out what he is† that by is generality universalizes and distances the speaker’s quest. His search is less for personal identity than it is for defining characteristics of the human condition-man’s nature and the limits of his understanding. His mystical experience dissolves idiosyncrasies into ultimate concerns, yet we expect more of a union with the divine, a phase he saves for the last stanza. At the end of â€Å"In a Dark Time,† the speaker returns to the opening paradox that natural darkness is actually a spiritual light, but now the paradox has a more agonizing relevance. Instead of the general statement that â€Å"In a dark time, the eye begins to see,† he now confesses that â€Å"Dark, dark/my light, and darker my desire. † In mystical literature God remains the source of all light, although He may appear as darkness to man’s limited mind. Roethke, in the poem, would be restoring the original power of the One beyond God, and what is more, identifying himself with the greater of the two. While he is not the final authority on the meaning of â€Å"In a Dark Time,† Roethke’s interpretation demands the close attention: if only by the necessities of his art, he has lived with the poem longer and more intimately than his readers. Reference: Roethke, T. (1960). Roethke: Colleted Poems. Double-day & Company, Inc.

Biomedical Ethics Should healthcare be public or private Essay

Biomedical Ethics Should healthcare be public or private - Essay Example Grounded in the concepts of fairness, equity, and solidarity, Canada’s system ensures that people can access health care in the public sectors. Nonetheless, a debate on whether Canada and abroad ensures the right to health is rampant. Whereas some stipulate that Canada fails to offer the human rights to healthcare, others point out that the Canada’s system of health care is sufficient despite the failure to put the phrase of human rights in their documents. As such, exploration on whether the rights to healthcare are explored in Canada’s system of healthcare is paramount. This essay clarifies that the Canadian health care system ensures that all people have the right to healthcare despite the fact that the phrase human right lacks in documentation. Typically, the healthcare system in Canada is publicly funded hence; access to health services is free for all members within the country. As directed by the implementation of Canada health act, the government assures all its citizens access quality health care. The fact that healthcare is public means that accessing healthcare is cost effective thus; catering for the needs of all people notwithstanding their economic status. Every doctor in every province should claim the insurance from provincial insurers. Canada’s private insurance is kept very minimal to avoid competition from advertisements of commercial insurers and health providers that may interfere with the quality of healthcare. Although to some point competition may be regarded as good, in the case of healthcare in Canada, it is not. This is because it may lead to privatization and marginalization of some economically unstable individuals who may lose trust with the public centers, but may not afford the private centers. The term rights to health care is particularly important to the poor people who are technically disadvantaged in terms of accessing costly health care. Kluge defines this kind of people as those who are known as congenitally incompetent patients who lack the cognitive awareness and will never be competent . Therefore, a country that ensures that all people can access affordable and quality care at their disposal is one that respects the individual’s rights to healthcare. With this view, Canada is one of those countries that respect and fulfill the principle of individual’s right to healthcare. One of the values that guide the provisions of healthcare in Canada is portability. Here, portability means that citizens of the country can access healthcare at any province within the country as long as one carries his or her card. This implies that incase one is travelling and gets an emergency; there is no call for alarm. Likewise, people who move from provinces to provinces as a requirement of their jobs do need to undergo unnecessary procedures to ensure that they acquire affordable healthcare. The notion of this principle implies that people can access medical care at any place w ithout any limitation (Baylis 152). A keen look at this concept indicates that human rights to healthc

Logistics and Supply Chain Management Consultancy ( team project Essay

Logistics and Supply Chain Management Consultancy ( team project individual reflection) - Essay Example 4). Each of its parts; from description to the action plan is carefully designed to cover virtually every element of a project reflection. Each and every step of the Gibb’s cycle will be closely followed with respect to the details of the teamwork during the project. Per say this consultancy project was not only vital for my personal growth, but also for my programme; I learnt a plethora of lessons, and the experience was nothing short of exhilarating. The project concerned the Port of Dover, a logistics sector owned, maintained and operated by the Dover Harbour Board. This port ranks among the busiest ports in Europe and handles approximately five million excess of vehicles each year. In context, my team comprised of eight members with a single leader (Willeke). Our project, as in the title above, was logistics and supply chain management consultancy. Each day, the team converged in the University Library, or sometimes in the Information Technology Lab. Procedurally, we began by each member of the group tabling their individual report works mostly during the morning hours. Then, a discussion of the progress for each member of the team ensued. Here, each member would present their hardships and everything appertaining to their progress with resp ect to the task allocated. After the discussion, Willeke, the team leader, would give her opinions regarding the overall progress and give her suggestions as well. Concerning task division, the leader began by giving out questionnaires to every member of the team to complete. This step solely applied the Belbin theory of team roles, which in some way, was meant to harmonise the working of the group (Belbin, 2009 p. 3). After that, Microsoft Excel sheets were given to every one of us that would be used for the period of two and a half weeks. Notably yet, all the tasks that would be allocated to the team were based on the two provided files. As one of the members of the team, my primary task was to

Organizational development and strategies common to Essay

Organizational development and strategies common to technology-intensive enterprises - Essay Example The procedure of organizational improvement starts with an intensive association-wide examination of the current circumstance and of future necessities. The principle motivation behind the change is the obtaining of new markets, innovation and directions by the association because of the requesting outside condition. Organizational techniques are normal approach utilized by associations to motivate the improvement culture to the proposed representatives. Prior to the advancement happens, determination of the entire circumstance ought to be done to help the association call attention to the conceivable issues. This can be accomplished through the sourcing of an outer master who can inspect the association's objectives, plans, structures, mission, and advances to decide the adequacy of the action. The association can in this way proceed with tending to the principal intercessions through the action plan. Intercession comes in where change stages are sequenced, advance is observed and r esponsibility of partner is supported. The last stride of assessment will be actualized to gage the achievement and effect of the change grasped. To aggregate it all, the achievement of an association relying upon the organizational improvement is exceptionally considered. Organizational advancement is subsequently an analytical procedure that prompts to enhanced efficiency, practices or execution through a plan of group exercises and organized individual concentrating on how and what workers do in the association.

Activities to enhance learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Activities to enhance learning - Essay Example Technology can be used to enhance learning and education. Traditional classrooms are increasingly being replaced by virtual classrooms in the globalized education system. Some of the systems that can be used in the promotion of online learning include the use of the audience response systems and clickers. At the same time, advanced institutions are using simulation in the laboratories to prepare the students from the professional market experiences. Distance learning happens when the learner is separated from the teacher geographically and time-wise. According to instructional technology, distance learning is the process of extending resource sharing opportunities to other classrooms through the use of video and multimedia communications. This essay aims at having a creative look into the online activities that enhance student learning, assessment and engagement through critical thinking. These analytical suggestions can greatly improve the learning outcomes of the N534 course. The I nternet is one of the most important media when it comes to online learning environment and technology. Online learning especially in nursing is known to reduce time and space barriers in the process of learning. Online learning can be entirely electronic or a hybrid of learning environments. Hybrid learning tends to combine virtual learning strategies with face-to-face learning. The Internet is known to have introduced the concept of pluralisation of place. This means that persons and participate in multiple environments using a virtual atmosphere. In the case of online learning, the instructor is responsible for moderating and mentoring students. However, the students are expected to have a strong self-drive. The e-learning atmosphere is known to provide a platform for students’ discussions across the continents (Allen, 2007). Students in a nursing class can access online resources, share important documents through online applications and submit examination in the online c lassroom (Bonk & Zhang, 2008). Technology has allowed online students to interact with faculties and mentors. In the online learning environment, materials are presented through videotaping, audio taping, and links to websites. There are interactive websites designed to host online learning environments (Bonk & Zhang, 2008). In the case of learning environments, the interaction can be real-time, which is also known as synchronous, or asynchronous. Synchronous online interactions entail the use of chat room in the process of teaching (Allen, 2007). This involves typing. Asynchronous communication means leaving messages that others can read in their convenience (Shea-Schultz & Fogarty, 2002). In the online learning strategy, the entire programs and group courses are offered online. Online learners can attend virtual universities like California Virtual University. There are unique materials that serve as a means of promoting online learning and teaching. Successful learning must be as sessed on a regular basis. The method of learning has a great impact in the process of learning (Bonk & Zhang, 2008). The entire process and assessment of learning require substantial institutional and financial investment. Institutions must invest in faculty development, infrastructure, and equipment. Technology aided teaching strategies dramatically affect the way teaching and learning occurs. This challenges the traditional relationship between academic institutions and students. Students must be encouraged to participate in the learning process. This entails inviting them to speak in the classroom (Shea-Schultz & Fogarty, 2002). This learning strategy can have a profound effect if the teacher creates a safe environment for the students to learn. The teacher is expected to summarize discussion from time to time. This helps in highlighting key points and allows students to follow on the discussion (Allen, 2007). Th

Organizational Development Question # 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Organizational Development Question # 2 - Essay Example A well known and respected person makes good sales for the organization. This will intern improve the organization performance. In the case of a negative personality, the organization should in a way invest in changing the individual personality as it affects the performance of an organization. The organization may reward or appraise the individual performance in order change the personality of the employee. To improve an organization’s performance, employee characters ought to be well known by their managers(Robbins & Judge, 2011). One employee may be innovative while another is a good decision maker. As a manager, combining different characteristics of different employees and acting to the development of different ideas from the employees improves organizational performance(Robbins & Judge, 2011). Making the employees own the organization is a improving the performance of a firm as the works as if they are the owners of the organization. A manager recognizes their characteristics, perceptions and biases when they interact with their employees(Robbins & Judge, 2011). An employees ‘behavior may trigger a character in a manager. When an employee code of behaviors differs from that expected in an organization, the manager may develop perceptions towards the employee. As a manager, there is the need for better understanding of the employees and their behaviors in the organizat ion. A manager should react professionally towards a given situation and avoid personal reactions towards the employee(Robbins & Judge, 2011). Organization development as the huge efforts to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of an organization, should go hand in hand with the personality of employees in an organization.(Robbins & Judge, 2011) Different characteristics of employees in an organization may either improve or lead firm to solvency. Celebrities improves the

Swot Matrix for Compass Group Essay Example for Free

Swot Matrix for Compass Group Essay The SWOT analysis that my group and I came up with took a lot of time and research to ensure that our analysis would be effective. (SWOT analysis on page? ) Strengths Our group came up with five major strengths that Compass obtains. The first major strength that Compass possesses is they have excellent customer service. Excellent customer service is a major strength to have because this makes customers want to come back and this keeps revenue up. The second strength that is entailed on our SWOT analysis is strong client relationships. This is evident in their day to day activities while dealing customers and clients. The third strength Compass possessed is they have a very diversified client base. The fourth strength is convenience. I think that Compass Group biggest strengths are that they have a diversified client base and that they are what clients view as â€Å"convenient†. Because Compass has three divisions that are station around the world it can gain different clients and be able their needs. The next strength that is entailed on our SWOT analysis is Compass Group has consistent revenue growth. This is very important when dealing with any company because revenue is what pays the expenses to run the company and without revenue the company would go out of business. The last strength is Compass group’s diversified geographic presence. Compass Group has four divisions located in four different countries making it easier to target different client in different countries. Weakness Every company has weakness or things that can be better at and Compass is one of them companies. One of Compass Group’s weaknesses is that since they have divisions all over the world, not all of the managers operate the same way. This can be a problem because as a company, you want everybody to be on the same page even if you have different divisions operating out of different countries. The second weakness is that Compass Group trades in too many countries. It is economically not worth it. The third weakness is that Compass group leverage ratios show high debt. This means that Compass Group is operating it’s company at a high risk. The third weakness that Compass Group processes is that it has very low profitability ratios. The last weakness that is on the SWOT analysis is that Compass Group Time-Interest-Earned is very high. That means Compass has a lot of money that can be allocated for other purposes. Opportunities Just like every company has strengths and weakness, they also have opportunities to make their company better. The first opportunity is that restaurant industry sales have increased sixty-six percent in the U. S since 1970. The second opportunity is that fifty-two percent of meals are eaten outside of the home. What both of these stats tell me are that more people are going out to eat instead and getting a traditional home-cooked meal and this can only help my company become more profitable. The third opportunities we saw for Compass is that the contract food service market is still growing. This is great for Compass because this gives Compass an opportunity to gain more clients. Another opportunity for compass Group to grow as a company would be to seek the military as a client. Threats The threats to a company are the most important aspect of the SWOT analysis because a threat can cost a company money and it just might run you out of business. The first threat is that the sales /employee ratio is considerable lower than other industries. This could be a problem because as a company you are not getting enough sales per employee and you are losing money because of it. The second threat to Compass Group is that menu prices increased one-two percent with higher labor costs. This could be a big threat depending on the customers because there are always going to be one or two customers complaining about the new prices but it becomes a problem when a majority of you customers start complaining then you can lose of on business. The third threat is the compass Group rival competitors control seventy percent of the US contract food market. If this threat is not lowered to somewhere among fifty percent Compass Group could lose a lot of money in the near future, because if you rival competitors control more than half or the market they can dictate the price to the market. Then, Compass Group will have to make a choice if they want to continue with the own method or play copycat. The next threat of UN investigations can bring bad press to Compass Group and maybe lose some money too due to fines, court cost and things of that nature. The last threat is the never-ending problems of oil prices. This is not a huge problem for a big company like compass group but it is a problem because with rising oil prices it costs more to ship the necessary items to their destination.

There Are Serious Concerns Over Food Waste Environmental Sciences Essay

There Are Serious Concerns Over Food Waste Environmental Sciences Essay Food waste is a serious environmental, social and economic concern not only to United Kingdom but also to the whole world. Even though Food waste was recognized as a considerable problem, it was not identified as a serious concern to the environment till recently. Among environmentally significant activities, the production, trade, and consumption of food products have been identified as crucial contributors to numerous environmental problems One of the greatest threats of the century is Global Warming and Climate change. The need of the hour is to effectively tackle the climate change issue and GHG emission. According to Waste and resources action program (WRAP), about 20% of climate change emissions are related to the production, processing, transportation and storage of food. Agriculture contributes significantly to GHG emissions The domestic household in uk produces around 8,300,000 tons of food waste and is the single largest producer of food waste. Local authorities spend 1 billion pound a year disposing food waste. The foods we throw out to the landfill gets broken down to carbon dioxide and methane gas (green house gases) and are the prime reasons for global warming. If UK has to meet the international targets  on climate change and GHG emissions, it is important to reduce the amount of food waste going to the landfill. Spaces for land filling of wastes are rapidly diminishing, alongside European Union legislation that demands large amounts of waste be diverted from landfill over the next 15 years* Food waste puts a large burden on the finances of each household and  local councils in the UK; Local authorities spend 1 billion pound a year disposing food waste. Wasted food is estimated to cost each British household  £250- £400 per year,  accumulating to  £15,000- £24,000 over a lifetime.. Objectives and Methadology Love Food Hate Waste is a social campaign, launched by WRAP, in 2007,with the aim of reducing the amount of food waste in UK. The campaign is focused on raising consumer awareness about the various problems caused by food waste. WRAP calculated that preventing good food going to waste could reduce the annual emission of carbon dioxide by 18 million tones, the same effect as taking one in 5 cars off the road. Love Food Hate Waste campaign is supported by the government and is backed by celebrity chefs. Love food Hate waste also has a website which provides practical advice and tips on how to use most of the food they buy. The objective of the campaign is to raise awareness of easy, practical, everyday ways that households can reduce food waste. Everyone including local authorities, community groups, retailers, food manufactures and consumers are part of this campaign. For example, Resource Futures recruited and managed two embedded Outreach Workers to support the North London Waste Authoritys, WRAP funded, Love Food Hate Waste campaign. During the seven month period, the Outreach Workers organized and delivered over sixty road shows in supermarkets, businesses, libraries and at community groups, across NLWAs seven constituent boroughs, to engage more than 3,500 people with the campaign. It focuses on consumers strong desire to reduce wastefulness by sending positive messages about the rewards and benefits that can be achieved through specific behavioral change. The campaign benefits the consumer and the environment by reducing budgets and minimizing land fill and carbon emissions. Some of the methods which can be used to reduce waste in an house hold are: Reduce your proportion size: Love Food Hate Waste website has a tool to help you calculate appropriate portion sizes. The portion planner removes the guesswork by suggesting how much to cook, depending on whos coming for dinner, and ways to measure it Plan ahead: By planning the meal for a week and by shopping accordingly can save you a lot of money and prevents good food going to the waste bin. Tips on storage: Gives you easy tips on how to store things and encourage you to make effective use of fridge and freezers if necessary. Special Recipes: which makes use of use of all the odds and ends that invariably get leftover from previous meals or forgotten in the fruit bowl or the back of the fridge If nothing above works, recycling can be done. Composting is one good option. Only Those waste which nothing can be done is dumped in to landfill The Love food Hate waste Organize Door stepping campaigns providing information packs and Advice, targeted at reducing household waste. They also organize road shows, surveys and do advertising through radio and printed Medias. It owns a website love food hate waste.com where you can find many useful tips to reduce food waste. Analysis of the Sustainable Consumption approach One of the main cause for environmental degradation is the over consumption by the developed countries and a switch towards sustainable consumption pattern is very essential. The definition proposed by the 1994 Oslo Symposium on Sustainable Consumption defines it as the use of services and related products which respond to basic needs and bring a better quality of life while minimizing the use of natural resources and toxic materials as well as emissions of waste and pollutants over the life cycle of the service or product so as not to jeopardise the needs of future generations.  The two approaches towards sustainable consumption are the Main Stream approach and an alternative New Economics approach. The strategy of UK government in 2003 was continuous economic growth and social progress that respects the limits of earths eco systems to have a better quality of life. The concept of mainstream approach is of a strong stable and sustainable economy and include initiatives like   initiatives for product labeling, consumer education and environmental taxation. mainstream economics is deeply embedded in modernitys vision of progress and growth. The critics of this approach claims that this method is quite ineffective and doesnt address the fundamental problem of consumption. Based on several factors on the environment and society, the critics of main stream model proposed a new model collectively known as New Economics. They argue that economics cannot be separated from its understructures in environmental and social contexts. The Love food hate waste is one such campaign which follows the alternative approach of sustainable consumption. The diagram below shows how the campaigns approach towards sustainable consumption. ECO-EFFICIENCY more productive use of materials and energy Green growth Efficiency INCREASED . PRODUCT LIFE SPANS Sustainable Consumption Sufficiency SLOW CONSUMPTION reduced throughput of products and services Recession The campaign aims to reduce the amount of waste by consuming less by reducing your portion size and shopping less. In other words sufficiency is achieved by reduced consumption of products. The approach also defines green economics which means to increase the efficiency by more productive use of materials and energy. The model defines efficiency and sufficiency as the key towards sustainable consumption. The greater focus on sufficiency alone may lead to economic instability on a wider focus. Increased product life spans, may enable such problems to be overcome by providing for both efficiency and sufficiency. The efficiency can be increased by using the left overs and reusing and recycling. Theories Linked to LFHW Campaign. LFHW is basically a social marketing campaign aiming for a behavioral change by consuming more sensibly and thereby producing less waste. To understand the theories it is important to understand the driving forces to the same. Some of the forces influenced are: Knowledge, information, fashions beliefs (education, media, marketing) Price / affordabilit Tastes and Habits Demographic changes: ageing population, single person society, wealth Culture, social family expectations, norms, aspirations Availability Time and Season The campaign does its focus on the utilitarian theory and more importantly on social and psychological theories. The campaign targets the people who behave unsustainable because they lack information and help them to overcome the problems by rendering information to the needy. The utilitarian approach says that consumers seek to spend money on goods which gives greatest satisfaction or in other words consumers behave as utility maximizers. The LFHW campaign helps and encourage in cognitive thinking before you shop. It spread the importance of prior planning before shopping. By planning your meals for the whole week, you know what to buy and from where to buy. In the present scenario, people get tempted and buy things with offers like buy 1 get 1 free, even though they really dont need that. Its found that one in every 3 shopping bags goes directly to the waste bin. The campaign educates people how the value of food can be increased if the left over can be used to make new dishes. Human behavior is formed and routinized by social structure Apart from the conventionally acknowledged constraints like price and information, campaign also negotiates social, psychological and structural constraints. LFHW organizes public campaigns with celebrity chefs and attracts the whole society for a behavioral change. As a social marketing campaign, the main themes of the campaign are 4Es (Engage, Encourage, Enable and Exemplify). Engaging consumers and households to rethink their behavior is one of the main ways in which waste prevention can be progressed. Enabling households to take action or overcome barriers, through the provision of services like reduce reuse and recycling. Policy measures -Encouraging households to rethink their behavior so as to reduce their waste generation. The most frequently applied suite or package of waste prevention policy measures Appears to include most or all of the following activities. Collaboration between public, private and third sectors. Producer and responsibility. Variable rate charging (pay as you throw) systems (generally applied to householders residual waste). Public sector funding for pilot projects. Exemplified by means of monitoring and evaluation; Measuring and evaluation of waste prevention is challenging. The data collected should be true and of high quality. Some of the methods adopted are self-weighing Surveys done before and after the campaign, focusing on attitudes and behaviours and/or on participation rates Tracking the amount of waste from collection data and/or compositional nalysis estimation/modelling. Strength and weakness of Love food hate waste campaign Love food hate waste campaign claims that it has already prevented 1,37000 tonnes of waste goin to waste bin and   have helped close on two million households reduce their food waste, amounting to savings of almost  £300 million. A persons willingness to change along with action and appropriate policies from the local authorities is essential to bring a social change. The campaign is funded and supported by the governmentand almost every county council has given its support to the campaign. Retailers and food manufacturers also support to reduce food waste and they are the official sponsors of the campaign. Unlike Other campaigns, consumer is also economically benefited and hence more people are willing take part in the campaign. It also helps in reducing the so called Value Action Gap. The campaign is both focused at individual and social aspects and hence is more effective. a large body of studies asserts that personal factors are necessary and essential to foster behavioral changes, even though the correspondence between attitudinal variables and behavior is often moderate {reference*(2} The website lovefoodhatewaste.com gives you a lot of information and makes it easily accessible at any point of time. A lot of people gives their experience and valuable opinion which encourage other people to minimize waste. Some of the weaknesses of the campaign are: The campaign is too focused on using left overs and freezing, whereas shopping storage and portion control are effective strategies. The campaign deals with utilitarian concept and socio-psychological theories where as doesnt consider Infrastructure of provision approach. The campaign doesnt focus on the production part of food. food that goes to waste during Production and distribution accounts for 5 percentage of the GHG emissions. Globally 15-50% of food produced is wasted post harvest and no action is taken prevent those waste. The campaign is more concentrated on the food after consumption and doesnt look in to the broader aspects of food. Food has different utility and meanings when it comes to Entertainment, pleasure satisfaction, love status, comfort, time pass, bribery, religious significance, social glue, power, habbit, need, guilt, culture and so on. The amount of waste generated differs for each case and no effort has been taken to realy understand this complex system. Oxfordshire council-tax payers have saved over  £50,000 in waste disposal costs by throwing away less food since Oxfordshire Waste Partnership (OWP) launched its Love Food Hate Waste campaign last March Love Food Hate waste Campaign is still in its early stage and has long way to go. The measurement of success of the campaign can be found by looking the amount of waste reduced as a result of this campaign. In the very first year, the campaign is successful in reducing 1,37000 tones of household waste. The initial statistics of the campaign sounds too intresting and shows how successful it has been. The campaign is successful in attaining attention of the large public. Even though the results are impressive, when compared to the true scale of the problem, it is just a mere drop in the ocean. To address the big issue like climate change we need to do a lot more to reduce the amount of waste produced. Some of the limitations are Lack of interest of certain individuals can be setback to the campaign. Some people consider that the protection of environment is governments job and are not concerned about the same. Some people think that their contribution is just marginal and hence dont do anything. Reduction of waste is moreover a private thing and since its not public there is no social pressure to do it. The lack of strong policies is certainly a limitation to the campaign Measuring and monitoring is a tough task to perform. The reliability on survey is questioned. Conclusion The sustainable consumption doesnt always means consuming less but It certainly should in the case of developed countries and in underdeveloped countries sustainable consumption means consuming more. Thus the aim of sustainable consumption is a high quality of life for every one- brought about by everyone consuming in ways that reduce the impacts of production and consumption. (UNESCO) Some of the challenges in achieving sustainable consumption are: Reccomendations The amount of waste produced by the supermarkets should be controlled and policy should be made to publish the waste generated by the supermarkets. The Whole concept of supermarket should change. The people should make some list for shopping and hand it over to the shopkeeper/salesman so that he will hand over the things you need. By doing so you wont be tempted by the offers like buy one get one free. The online shopping should be encouraged by avoiding tax. Refrigerant leakage accounts for 30 percentage of supermarkets direct GGHG emissions.( Environment investigation agency 2010). There should be some measure to control this pollution. Government should make strong policies and should introduce certain limits to the amount of waste that can be produced by each house. The threshold can be based on the total number of people living in the house. The waste above threshold limit should be fined. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ http://apps.oxfordshire.gov.uk 2) Promoting sustainable consumption: Determinants of green purchases by Swiss consumers Carmen Tanner1,*,   Sybille Wà ¶lfing Kast2 Article first published online: 12 SEP 2003 DOI:  10.1002/mar.10101