The Constituent Assembly in Russia of 1917 Why did it fail?

The comp atomic number 53nt part Assembly in Russia of 1917 Why did it fail?The Constituent Assembly in Russia of 1917 Why did it fail?The history of Rus, or Russia, as it cognise nowadays, is completely several(predicate) from the Western hotshot. The end of tsarism in Russia was characterized by vast reforms that were fol embarrasseded by instability. Peoples Will was replacing old meaning of power. star of the important features that was truly important and took quad in Russia was a cistron multitude of 1917. This gather had however 1 day of animate, but left a lot of unresolved questions about its nature. Elected in November of 1917 and convened all once in January of 1918 it supposed to change the whole structure of Russia. However, it was dispersed by all Russian Congress of Soviets, it failed to deliver the aims of provisional government. Still, many raft were pinned their hopes on ingredient fabrication, and the fact that it lasted such a short period of t ime and ultimately failed, raises a lot of questions.The governmental body that is described here has its roots laid down in Middle Ages, and afterwards, in generation of enlightenment. At these stages of history, bon ton developed to an extent, when intellectual elite wanted to choose semipolitical system by themselves. Such legal bodies, which were deciding on different legislative questions, were cognise to Russia even before, for example during the elections of tsars Boris Godunov or Michael Romanov. However these were different entities, and the term, which is more than modern and suits the definition of segment assembly of 1917, was coined during French Revolution. At that time, constituent assembly was as a sign of law, symbol of peoples rights and freedoms. Transferred to east, the desire of such body should have been modernized, or mixed, gathering both European political shade and Russian historical thought.Autocracy in Russia in the latest years of tsarism had a tendency to give promises, but to never realize them. Constituent assembly was associated with constitutional reforms introductory, as it was made to establish constitution. Such assembly was a hope in the eyes of people e.g. it would be the representative of alliance, thus hint to freedom, at least partial. This idea was entirely supported by all rene wingists starting from Octobrists and ending up with Mensheviks. However, as constitutional assembly is rather an requirement based entity, and not permanent, like parliament, it was granted a huge amount of power, though on a rattling short period of time. As was mentioned before, idea of constituent power dates back to French Revolution, when social contract became an essential part of people government chain, and legislative, constituent and extraordinary functions were put in constituent assembly.In Russia, establishment of democratic institutions have always been a problem. This fact is a no wonder, as it is unimagina ble to build democratic mechanisms in positive engine. As a result, there was lack of such institutions. Only in 16th 17th c. the so called Assemblies of the Land or Zemskie Sobory were established. Notwithstanding, their rule was often misleading, as they did not have real power, and were sole(prenominal) an illusion of real assemblies. In addition to that, Russia was weak in economic and social terms, joined industrialization very(prenominal) late. Overall, European ideas that were constantly removed after Peter the Great, did not find response in Russia, and the lowest layer of society, that should have been the chief(prenominal) democratic estate, was unable to fit that role.In such atmosphere of constant tyranny of autocracy, inability to change anything, the ground for radicalism and rotatory thoughts was created. Moreover, the outcomes of French Revolution have changed intellects of Russian intelligentsia, and they became the main force of upcoming changes. The firs t people who were eager to change some(prenominal)(a)thing were Decembrists, as they were the first to proclaim the idea of constituent assembly. However, their ideas did not frame recall, and after this movement was ultimately defeated, hopes for constituent assembly disappeargond from the horizon. Intelligentsia stopped to fight for ideals of rights and peoples will, relying still on society, as a main force of revolutionary thought.It moldiness be said, though, that people did not waited long, and in the end of 19th century the so called Narodnaya Volya became the driving factor of revolution. Narodnaya Volya believed that it was ultimately constitutional government, which must be entitled with power. Moreover, masses that must be engaged in revolution, in order to trigger the overthrow, became aware of these ideas by this particular institution. This idea strongly stir peoples thoughts, and this affection was only deepened by the first Russian Revolution. Narodnaya Volya became very popular among nation. Even though among Russian political parties was very different, and some of them very unfavourable about it, the lowest layer of society still hoped to achieve glory through constituent assembly. As a result of youthful widespread notion of constituent assembly, a lot of immature left wing parties were established. Interestingly, Mensheviks were quite skeptical about the idea of constituent assembly, claiming that it kitty be a subject to lobbying, com vista Bolsheviks were putting their hopes on it, as they saw constituent assembly as a must have prerequisite of revolution. SRs were as well as supporting the assembly in the beginning of 20th century.At the edge of revolution in 1905, everything was aimed at constituent assembly, the idea that has slowly grown into a widespread hope for people. As of beginning of revolution it became the top priority for nation. Neverthe little, revolution changed the view of parties onto constituent assembl y. Pathways, or rather the ways, which parties were wanted to choose while building such assembly, were completely different. Cadets and liberals wanted to exclude unwanted violence SRs and Bolsheviks, as revolutionary parties, saw the possibility of establishment of constituent assembly only through armed ascent while Mensheviks were accepting constituent assembly as a by product of self government entities, which were not created, and later on Duma, which was soon dissolved and Mensheviks refused to support the constituent assembly.Even though it was a widespread idea, autocracy did not want to surrender. Moreover, the support of constituent assembly idea among parties members was not the same among nation. It was said that people were hoping for establishment of constituent assembly, they did not all realize the very need of it, and, bearing in mind that most of the people were illite place, did not share the view on it with parties, that mostly consisted of intellectuals. All these factors did not let constituent assembly to be created in 1905 1907.Constituent assembly was created right after autocracy was overthrown in 1917. The period of anarchy, temporary gap between the overthrow of the old regime and adjustment of a new one, was a perfect situation for building the institution that was so long needed. The need for such institution was obvious for everyone. That is why in the legal location of constituent assembly, which was created by the contributions of The Petrograd Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies and Interim Committee of the State Duma. It consisted of troika main points elections of by popular vote, claim that it is constitutional assembly that decides on superstar questions of public life and that the form of government, e.g. political system is decided only by the assembly.Finally, everything was prepared, and socialist parties started work on the plan for the first meeting of constituent assembly. According to Cadets and Mensh eviks, constituent assembly should have had influence on political system, land reforms, international relations, military reforms and so forth. Bolsheviks were also interested and shown eagerness to of constituent assembly. However, as soon as Lenin has come, Bolsheviks suddenly changed their stance. Lenin was quite skeptical about constituent assembly, but did not refuse it. Rather, from now on Bolsheviks stopped to recognize constituent assembly as a top priority issue.Here the problems start to appear on the scene. Bolsheviks represented one part of democratic side, which refused body politic of bourgeois they were rather the co siders of democracy of proletariat. Their ideal was the pure democracy, the power of people over people. On the different hand, Mensheviks and SRs were in between, searching for some kind of parliamentary rule connected with the rule of people division of power. As a result, democratic powers were divided. Moreover, SRs and Mensheviks were having rather a permanent union. In addition to that, it must be mentioned that Russia was having a plentitude of parties, but none of them was connected with electorate sufficiently. As was mentioned before, society was politically weak and was not developed in terms of political life.As time was passing by, provisional government had created a so called Osoboye Soveshanie which stands for special meeting. This institution had to prepare ground for upcoming constituent assembly and to answer many questions. Among them were number of participants, decide on whether majoritarian or proportional representation principle must be applied during assembly etc. In the beginning of September special meeting has ended up his work. The outcomes were made, and the plan was created, but the exact time of constituent assembly creation was still not verbalized in provisional government. Finally, it was decided that constituent assembly must elected on November 12th, 1917.Suddenly, when the period of te nse atmosphere started taking place, the chaotic actions began. Bolsheviks became very tough about constituent assembly at the same time as provisional government was losing its power. It was high time Russia either would fall into oblivion, or would prosper in the new democratic world. However, as it often happens, in times of serious decisions calculatery becomes very weak. Bolsheviks had taken advantage of that situation. They decided to thread an uprising, under the guideword of All Power to the Soviets (Vsya Vlast Sovyetam). Lenin, the head of Bolsheviks, started to claim that only under the power and orient guidance of Bolsheviks party, constituent assembly will be victorful. Moreover, he was proclaiming that Soviets and assembly must merge.The idea of constituent assembly was used by Lenin to attract those Bolsheviks and masses that still had the constitutional illusions. In the upcoming struggle, the position of Bolsheviks and Lenin was quite strong. Armed uprising and seizure of power by Bolsheviks had completely reversed the discrepancy among society. From now on, constituent assembly was not uniting, but dividing parties. The slogan All Power to Soviets was obviously non democratic in its roots, and opposition openly admitted it, fighting with Lenins party. SRs and Mensheviks, even having loose connection between them, were standing on one side, being the fiercest opponents of Bolsheviks.Bolsheviks immediately took actions all liberal newspapers were closed on the eve of 1917s October, changing them on their own agitation campaigns. This period was anarchic, parties criminate each an new(prenominal)(prenominal) in inability of one to pass on Russian Idea, in schism of Russian Revolution that must take place and so forth. As a refute, Bolsheviks claims were that they are the new driving force and the only government Russia inescapably, and other parties act as a counterrevolutionaries, which is unacceptable. Parties were basically razing e very single brick they have built so far. People were far away from these concerns they were more interested in what would happen afterwards, and low political kitchen-gardening combined with small amount of educated people were leaving no room for discussion.In the end of October, all electoral process was under the direct influence of Soviets. Bolsheviks removed every single oppositional material from the public access, and were directly agitating on their own Soviet campaign. Elections in constituent assembly were very complex. Economic weakness after the WWI combined with anarchic situation of the political arena made atmosphere around these elections very complicated. Even though society was politically weak, appearance index was quite high. Interesting fact is that on these elections, the party of SRs won. Bolsheviks were very surprised of such outcomes. They were sure, that their wide campaign combined with prohibition era of all other agitating materials was enough to mak e their party into assembly. The big losers, however, were the Mensheviks, who get the smallest percentage of votes, and the party from now on literally stopped existing.Bolsheviks, of course, explained their sorrow by the SRs influence of electorates, accusing them of different abuses. The scenario of September was repeating parties were blaming each other. However, in reality Bolsheviks campaign failed due to the inner structure of the regions that had the most impact on elections, such as Orenburg Province. Finally, when so stayd even happened e.g. when constituent assembly gathered, despite the whole Bolsheviks propaganda, it immediately became to talk about election of assemblys leader, who was the head of SRs Victor Chernov, a Lenins direct opponent. Moreover, SRs were trying to weaken Bolsheviks influence, and Lenin could not let that happen, and used the same method acting of power achieving as before put armed guards, and closed Tauride Palace one and for all. Later, he said his famous words There is no shopping mall course anywhere in the world, not can there be. There is either the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie or the dictatorship of the proletariat. (Hanna, 1972) Lenin picked second option.In final stage it must be said that developments of 1917 in Russia have shown that political struggle is inevitable, when society is to be transformed via different means e.g. when one side seeks revolution with the help of armed uprising, and the other, which is more democratic and wants to achieve change by the will of society. They cannot exist at one time. In the years 1917 1918 armed uprising of radicals has proved to be more effective, as Soviets ultimately won. Moreover, the shooting of peaceful demonstration on 5th of January, 1918 (the day of constituent assembly opening) was putting Russia in the danger of civil war. Liberal democratic community has completely broken up. Even though in 1917 history of constituent assembly had more than one hundred years, since Great French Revolution passed, Russia could not sustain the same issues as revolution through the prism of European nation. During an take on to build democracy, Russia has skipped the moment, when a group of people with the hunger for power started to sum up their influence. Proletariat was weakly interested in the politics, and this even worsened the situation. As a result, low political culture of the society combined with the adopted European practice and improper grounds for democracy to be set in, constituent assembly in the critical moment was unable to deal with Bolsheviks. Arms and radicalism took over ambitions and hope for ruin life, and from that moment Russia probably hast lost this hope forever.EasyJet SWOT, pestilence and militant compendiumEasyJet SWOT, PEST and Competitive Analysis1. Introduction and HistoryA successful example of a European no frills air path is easyJet. Stelios Haji-Ioannou (Greek) founded the corporation in 1995. It is based on the low-monetary value, no-frills model of the US carrier Southwest. The concept of easyJet is based on the belief that demands for short-haul air transport is outlay elastic. That means, if prices for flights are being reduced, more people will fly. Traditionally airline concepts are based on the assumption that airline traffic grows in line with the economy and that cutting prices will only lead to a decrease in revenues. With the introduction of the no-nonsense concept to the European foodstuff, after its deregulation in 1992, easyJet has proven this theory wrong and goes from strong point to strength by actually increasing the size of the market and more recently by taking away passengers from the majors (see www.easyjet.com for passenger figures, financial information and employee statistics). Today, it offers 125 routes from 39 European Airports (see www.easyjet.com for route launch dates), with Luton, Liverpool, Geneva, Amsterdam as base airports1and is operatin g 72 aircrafts (November 2003).November 1995 easyJet starts flights from Luton to Glasgow and Edinburgh with to leased Boeing 737-300 with a capacity of 148 seats at a price of 29 one way. Seats are being sold over telephone reservation system only. In 1996 easyJet takes delivery of its first wholly owned aircraft and goes international with first service of processs to Amsterdam from Luton. One year later easyJet launches its website, easyjet.com which will from 1998 onwards form an integral part of the business sector concept (and which provides for some 90% of the bookings today2). In August 2002 easyJet expands its fleet and routes by acquiring British Airways low- damage subsidiary Go. In October 2002 the airline signs a deal to purchase 120 Airbus, which will facilitate the airlines ongoing growth strategy. Up until now, one of the cornerstones of the easyJets low-cost model has been to operate a single aircraft part fleet which so far has been the Boeing 737 series becau se uniformity means efficiencies in training, maintenance and operating costs. However, easyJets new deal with Airbus is being viewed by the company as stunning as the additional costs, which incur through the new type of aircraft are far outweighed by the financial benefits of this deal.EasyJet argues that both Boeing and Airbus aircraft have broadly corresponding characteristics but that a wider aisle on A319 will make it quicker to embark and disembark, that it has an extra seat on board (150 vs. 149) and that overall the A319 will take down costs by about10% compared to the up-to-the-minute mix of aircraft, which will contribute to lower ticket fares.(See appendix 1 for Stelios Haji-Iannous other easyGroup enterprises).2. The Mission program line of EasyJetTo provide our guests with safe, good value, point-to-point air services. To effect and to offer a consistent and reliable product and fares appealing to leisure and business markets on a melt down of European routes. To achieve this will develop our people and establish lasting relationship (see www.easyjet.com)The basis of an organisations mission statement should answer the question What business is the company in? easyJet is doing this by stating that it provides point-to-point air services to its customers. That clearly underlines that easyJet is not in the people or food business, neither in the service business as such, but in the mass-transportation business, and as such its model is based on cost efficiency of the mass-transportation business. Moreover, it reflects several decisions about what kind of air service easyJet wants to provide. Evidently, its centralize is on European routes, targeting business and leisure travellers alike. Furthermore, it aims to offer safe, good value transportation. easyJets mission statement also gives information on the How to get there? by putting emphasis on its people and suppliers. What is missing from the statement is the importance of the customers p oint of view, which could be expressed by saying, for instance, we want to be recognised as.. Also, as the mission statement is the bedrock for the marketing plan it should be more quantifiable, as to how much market share easyJet aims to pull in in the upcoming, for example.3. Competitive AnalysisIn order to analyse the airline industry in detail, it is useful to apply Porters five competitive forces.The threat of substitutesMinimal threat from other modes of transport like train and car on domestic routes. Usually the time and cost advantage of the low-cost carriers far outweigh the increased allay and flexibility of trains or cars (e.g. on the route Luton/London to Glasgow a train takes around 6 hours and costs around 80 while a easyJet matted takes just one hour and costs around 29).On international routes distances are usually too great for car or train to be an alternative to air travel, expect maybe from London to Paris, which can be reached by Euro Star.The threat of ne w entrantsHigh capital requirements negate threat to some extent. easyJet was started with a loan of 5 million, with 2 leased aircraft, but required a 50million investment raised by debt and equity in year 2 to speed expansion and buy 4 new planes.The UK low-cost market is quite mature in comparison to the rest of Europe and easyJet, as the biggest means has quite a comfortable position. However, expansion into new European markets might prove more difficult as established cash strong holiday firms like TUI are setting up their own low-cost operations (see information about Hapag Lloyd Express, www.hlx.com)Lack of take-off and landing slots makes it difficult for new carriers to find sufficient airports.Loss leader is required in order to join the low cost market.The power of suppliersThe price of aviation fuel is directly related to the cost of oil, as an individual company easyJet does not have the power to alter this.Airplane manufacturers are concentrated in the industry, wi th Boeing and Airbus providing the majority of commercial planes and with easyJet operating one type of aircraft until recently. easyJets deal with airbus however shows that favourable agreements can still be reached. The dependence on spare parts from one manufacturer could pose a put on the line.The more easyJet expands the more power it will posses over its suppliersThe power of buyersBuyer power within the airline industry and especially the low-cost market is comparatively strong, as customers will often shop around for the better price, particularly with the dependence that the low cost airline has on Internet sales. Price discrepancies can be easily found and exploited by the consumer, meaning that the operator must keep a regular check on prices.Need for customer loyalty because of low switching costsCustomers have the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) on their side which provides1. protection against the consequence of travel organiser loser for people who buy package holi days, charter flights and discounted scheduled air tickets and2. licenses airlines and ensures compliance with requirements of European and UK legislation relating to financial resources, liability and insurance of airlines.3Rivalry among existing firmsRyan air, BMIbaby, MyTravelLite and sound are major competitors of easyJet in the UK. Virgin Express, Hapag Lloyd Express, Germanwings and Air Berlin already are or might become competitors in the light of future expansion plans. Ryanair is the only one of these so far to have succeeded and shown a continuous yearly profit (see appendix 2 for financial data).A growing number of bend operators (like Thomas Cook and TUI) are selling air only scheduled seats to reduced prices4.British Airways and other traditional carriers out of the UK are competitors as well but on a lower scale as they target different market segments (see appendix 3 for more detail).4. Marketing cockPriceLow price is a key element of the brand.Uses differential pr icing off-peak travelling and booking in advance makes a ticket less expensive.Discounts for tickets booked online.Productno-frills, point-to-point air servicesalso car hire on its website (use of the Internet for bundling products) and links to other easyGroup websites (see appendix 1 for other easyGroup enterprises).Place/ dispersalInternet booking system (over 90% of bookings).Telephone reservation system.PromotionHighlights its number one position among Europes low-cost airlines (advertising strap line Size matters, slogan the webs favourite airline)Advocates internal marketing, creative work done in-house.No Bullshit approach (Stelios), humorous, attention-catching campaigns (e.g. the giving away of free tickets on Gos maiden flight and Stelios protesting in a orange boiler suit against an increase of airport fees at Luton in a branch of Barclays bank which owns the airport).5. SWOT Analysis5.1. Internal Analysis(S)trengthsImage, differentiation on price and brand.Is financia lly successful.Is being seen as an innovative and flexible organisation.Has a strong e-business.Is part of the consortium that has been awarded to break down UKs air traffic control system (NATS).(W)eaknessesHas no customer storage policyHas little or no scope outside of Europe.Lack of service, flexibility and business focus (such as frequent flyer programmes e.g.) make the low-cost model unappealing for most business travellers.The two drivers of growth, the focus on price and the focus on convenience (frequent flights, few connections, more nearby airports e.g.) are reaching their natural limits. Differentiation from there remains to be difficult.easyJets own success makes it difficult to recruit and train staff quickly enough.5.2 External AnalysisOpportunitiesExperts predict great potential for future growth in the next years (see appendix 4).The current recession is favourable as people and businesses are more cost-conscious.More full-service airlines may withdraw from the reg ional market to focus on more profitable long-haul routes leaving the market to the low-cost operators.The short-breaks market, an important market for easyJet grows more rapidly than the UK travel market as a whole5. trim down aircraft pricesThreatsDifficulties to expand as viable new routes from London are scarce.Competition is apt(predicate) to intensify, given the saturated market and the shortage of other options6.Increased emulation is likely to lead to greater difficulties in demanding incentives from communities, like the very low fees easyJet received at Luton7.Companies cut on business travel in times of economic downturn and because of new time-consuming security measures travel substitutes like videoconferencing are introduced8.6. Situational AnalysiseasyJet seems to be positioned very well with experts predicting excellent growth opportunities for the low cost-sector. Given the saturated market and the shortage of other options in the UK, competition is likely to inte nsify inevitably followed by consolidation, an early sign of which is easyJets purchase of GO. The UK market offers little growth opportunity, therefore concentration will be on the continental market, a step forward in this direction is setting up a major new base at Berlin, with flights from 11 European cities9, and possibly as well on Eastern Europe. Focus remains on pricing Strategy and expansion of its route profit. Promotion needs to persuade people that it is safe to flyand establish easyJet as Europes largest low-cost carrier (as easyJet is already doing in its advertisement Size matters)7. PEST Analysis Marketing PlanPEST analysis for easyJet for the next 5 yearsThe following factors are likely to have an influence on the airline industry and should therefore be taken into account when formulating a Marketing Plan for easyJet.(P)olitico-legal factorsThreat of war in the Middle EastThe Air Miles scheme is not considered as a taxable perk by the government in the way that company cars are taxed which may change to allow easyJet to compete on more equal grounds with the likes of BA.A EU east-enlargement may provide access to viable, new markets.(E)conomic factorslikelihood of increasing fuel costs, congestion and other environmental restrictions, as well as the prospect of higher security and insurance costs to reflect the risk of terrorism.As the recession is likely to last for some more time, business travellers will keep an eye on their travel expenses.Globalisation should continue to advance traffic in the long-term.The introduction of the single currency in Europe is likely to bring more business to easyJet as Europe becomes more integrated.(S)ocio-cultural factorsTo win over the French and German publics might cause problems as there appears still to be a general reluctance to use credit card over the phone and Internet10.The public are general quite friendly to the prospect of cheap flights. However they may feel begrudged where they see prom otions found in newspapers where flight are for 10 only to find that the actual cost is much higher for the particular time or day they tender to fly on.(T)echnological factorsA key issue will be the extent to which technological advancements such as the use of the Internet on distribution and cost synergies from industry consolidation can offset upward pressures on prices and costs.easyJet has to keep track of technological developments in the field of e-commerce and aircraft manufacture in order to gain a competitive advantage.8. Conclusion8.1 Strategic issues facing the airline industryThe face of aviation is gradually evolving. The long-standing problems of the industry- in the form of large numbers of network carriers and substantial over-capacity in many markets were exacerbated by the events of September 11th (see appendix 5 for a post-Sept. 11th overview). This is likely to pave the way for some quickening in the process of airline restructuring and consolidation. Exper ts believe that there is not room for the current multitude of carriers in Europe, and that these will eventually be whittled down to three or four major airlines, with the others absorbed or restructured to focus more on regional traffic. This also represents an opportunity for no-frills carriers to increase their market share. along with this, some restructuring of the industrys complex and outdated regulatory system will be required.In the longer term, trend growth may itself slow gradually as the big air travel markets mature. In addition, falling yields, which have boosted air travel growth in the past, cannot be relied upon to persist, at least at the rate they have for the past decade or so. If cost trends are less favourable for example because of increasing fuel costs, congestion and other environmental restrictions, as well as the prospect of higher security and insurance costs to reflect the risks of terrorism the scope for lower yields would be less, and this might red uce future growth trends. A key issue will be the extent to which favourable cost trends such as the impact of the Internet on distribution costs and cost synergies from industry consolidation can offset these upward pressures on prices and costs. The full-service airlines, saddled with big networks and strongly unionised workforces, cannot easily embrace the solicitude strategies of the no-frills airlines. Moreover, their scope for defensive mergers is limited by competition policy. The ability of international airlines to expand is limited by ownership restrictions (In the US foreigners cannot own more than 25% of a national airline, in the EU the restriction is 49%11).The no-frills market within Europe is immature relative to that of the US. Thesector accounts for only around 5% of all intra European capacity, though the shareis much higher in the UK domestic market and on services between the UK andEurope, finisher to 20%. Further strong growth is expected over the next 2-3 years asnew operations start up, and new destinations are added to the existing carriersnetworks. However as the UK market becomes saturated, these carriers are likely tofocus their development at continental European hubs. The experience of the US market suggests that deregulation will be followed by industry consolidation. So far there has been limited progress in this direction but many are viewing the current crisis as the catalyst necessary to completely restructure the European airline industry . In the US the industry has consolidated into seven major carriers, which turn back over 80% of passenger traffic of US airlines. Europe is far more fragmented with the equivalent figure for the seven European majors at only 47%12.8.2 easyJets FutureeasyJet has to consider whether it should respond to new entrants by ceding niche-segments or by competing aggressively on price, routes and service in an set out to drive the entrant out of the market. To make the strategic decision mark et research on the size of different combinations of pricing and service is needed. easyJet also needs to know how much it costs the competitor to serve, and how much capacity the competitor has for, every route in question. Finally, the new entrants competitive objectives are of relevance to anticipate how it would respond to any strategic moves easyJet might make. By obtaining these information residual uncertainty would be limited, and the incumbent airline would be able to build a confident business case around its strategy13. It is advisable that easyJet targets mainly leisure travellers as business often demand frequent flights to a wide range of destinations, seek quality service and frequent flyer programmes, and are willing to pay a premium for these benefits. Also, trying to appeal to widely different customer needs runs counter to the overall trend in service industries, in which distinctive approaches, tailored to different customers, have generally come to surmount14. No real opportunity offers the long-haul business as it is very different, both technically and in customer needs, to short-haul travel. easyJet should continue to focus on price and attempt to connect the dots in its network, which cost less than opening new cities. Thereby, it needs to make sure that a growth in its network and fleet does not lead to higher operating costs. It should also consider putting more emphasis on direct marketing by e.g. introducing a customer retention scheme. To differentiate its brand further on promotional lines, easyJet could introduce a CRM (cause related marketing) scheme, developing a reputation for being a caring airline, e.g. by selling shares in forest help programmes over its website, collecting foreign currency on flights for charity etc., thereby giving its passengers a sense of mental comfort and well-being15when they choose to fly with easyJet. Overall, easyJet has to develop a realistic and accurate assessment of the market-niche to be s erved. A relentless commitment to quality service and cost control is as important as the discipline to establish a growth plan (see www.easyJet.com for easyJet product life cycle and marketing strategy).(Word count 3,144)Appendices appendix 1Under the easy brand Stelios Haji-Iannou has furthermore established and Internet car rental service (easyRentacar), a chain of Internet cafes (easyEverything), a financial services site (easyMoney), a portal site for bargains on the net (easyValue) and a free e-mail service (easy.com). In all his ventures he is using yield management to extract the ideal margin from each customer16and keep costs down. Furthermore, yield management can help to better use price in the marketing mix to best reach the most customers17. However, there are no cross-shareholdings between easyJet and these other easyGroup companies. easyJey operates independently from the other companies although some cross-marketing agreements do exist. Also, results of the non-airli ne businesses have been mixed as they have lost 75m in three years18.Appendix 2Profit for RyanairApril September 2002 Year-on-year increase151m (96m) 71%Source Tran, M. (2002)19See http//www.ryanair.com/download/morganjune.pdf for actual data.Appendix 3Compare Airline Traffic Data (Europe) Air Transport World http//www.atwonline.com/Pdf/worldairlinereport_2002.pdfAppendix 4The airline market is currently being re-shaped by the expansion of existing low-cost airlines. It has been estimated that they will expand their European market share from 5% to 25% by 2010, establishing themselves on a long-term basis.(Source International Travel newsworthiness (2003), available on http//www.internettravelnews.com/article/20223 Friday, 28th November 2003)Low-cost airlines are adapt up to take large chunks out of their rivals. In a decade, low-cost airlines may be the dominant form of air travel in Europe. . In Europe, no-frills travel accounts for only 5% of European air travel, but it is l ikely to grow to claim a 12-15% share in the next decade.(Source BBC News (2002), available on http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/2038192.stm Friday, 28th November 2003)

Mission, values and key objectives of Faysal Bank

charge, place and key objectives of Faysal BankOrganization-An organization is a person or stem of pack intention completelyy organized to accomplish a common goal or set of goals.Faysal Bank special(a)-Introduction of Faysal Bank Limited-Faysal Bank Limited was in corporated in Pakistan on October 3, 1994, as a public limited company under the Companies Ordinance, 1984. On January 1, 2002, Al Faysal Investment Bank Limited, another group entity in Pakistan, merged into Faysal Bank Limited which resulted in a larger, stronger and much to a greater extent versatile institution. Mission-Mission or Purpose is a precise description of what an organization does. It is a definition of why the organization exists currently. Each atom of an organization should be able to verball(a)y express this mission. A mission statement focuses on the how of your business.Faysal Bank Mission-Achieve leadership in providing pecuniary go in chosen markets through with(predicate) innovation.Values -A value is a belief, a mission, or a philosophy that is really meaningful to the company.Faysal Bank Values-Our daily code of conduct is exemplified by eight core values* Thresh antiquated values values at the heart of our brand.* Differentiator values values that set our brand apart.Threshold Values-* Integrity- Our Integrity Our Identity* Team Work- Our Team Work Our summation* Respect- Our Respect Our Duty* Professionalism- Our Professionalism Our CompetenceDifferentiate Values-* Passion- Our Passion Our Worth* Responsiveness- Our Responsiveness Our Distinguisher* Innovation- Our Innovation Our Strength* Compassion- Our Compassion Our GiftObjectives-Objectives give the business a clearly defined tar place. An objective is something you requirement to achieve.Faysal Bank Objectives-* Prime focus to earn hit by providing values to its customers.* To show superior services to its customers.* To house assistance in the education of the commerce and trade industry.* Focus on blending skills and experience towards creating an enabling environment.* Core focus is to inculcate a finale of collaboration intended to deliver world class customer service.* To promote and boost up business sector inside the country.* To provide the employment opportunities in the country.* To provide loan and advances to help out in self employment schemes* To earn profit for the edge itself and for its entertainholders.* To create maximum sparing value for sh beholders through constant relationship focuses on financial services.Stakeholders-Stakeholders are individuals or groups who realise an interest in an organizations ability to deliver intended results and maintain the viability of its products and services. In the development of a firms mission and vision is a good place to start, but first, of course, you must identify critical stakeholders, get a handle on their short- and semipermanent interests, calculate their potential influence on your strategy, and take in to consideration how the firms strategy might affect the stakeholders (beneficially or adversely). Stakeholders gage be internal as vigorous as externalInternal Stakeholders-Internal stake holders are individual or groups inside a business or an organization.External Stakeholders-External stake holders are individuals or groups outside the business who are interested in the decisions an organization makes.Overall stakeholders include owners or shareholders, managers, employees, customers, government, suppliers, communities and Investors. Some stakeholders may have more than than one interest in a business. An employee might withal be a stakeholder. Managers are employees of the business, a customer might be a member of a local community but yet they can be stakeholders. Stakeholders in a business bequeath usually benefit from their involvement with the organization. Employees lead earn money which they can egest on goods and services. Customers entrust consume the goods and services supplied by the business and the government will collect tax from the organization.P2- measure the extent to which an organization achieves the objectives of three stakeholders.Interest Objectives of Stake holders-Different Stake holders have diverse objective and they have diametrical affects on an organization or business. According to Michael Novak following are seven points that should be kept in mind according to business morality when develop relations with stakeholders.* Customer atonement by providing goods and services of real value.* Reasonable return on the funds entrusted to the business by its investors.* Create modern wealth* New job opportunities* press invention and creativity* One of the roughly important is to diverse public interest into different sectors of life.Following are the needs of the stakeholders that the organization caters to for their complete satisfaction.* Shareholders want regular, secure and high returns.* Managers want responsi bility, high rewards and a lack of interference in their actions.* Employees want high earnings, an interesting job and secure employment.* Customers want character products at low prices and a good service* Suppliers want secure, regular and profitable orders.* Government wants to achieve a large number of goals including growth in the economy and low inflation.* The local community wants thriving local businesses which do not cause problems.P3- Explain the responsibilities of an organization and strategies employed to lose them.Responsible demeanour of an Organization-Social Responsibility-Agency theory devised by Milton Friedman says that the social responsibility of an organization is to generate the possible profit for its shareholders with fair competition, no fraud, etcetera It should be understood that the managers of a firm are no more than agents working(a) on behalf of the owners. But at the other end, the stakeholder theory emphasizes a broader set of social respons ibilities for business (Mullins, 2005).Ecological Responsibility-Ecology and the increasing destruction of eco dodgings and natural resources have a widespread concern from the public, the governments and inter-governmental agencies. Business organizations in the all world are required to conduct an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for their new operations or expansion of the existing ones. EIA is a detailed workplace of the likely environmental consequences of the new development, together with plans to avoid causing damage or to repair damage that cannot be avoided. The EIA takes into account whether resources used are renewable or non-renewable. Allaby elaborates that the cost of obeying regulations may inhibit innovation and apart from the economic effect, this may delay or even prevent the substitution of new products and processes for old ones.Business Ethics-Business ethics has a broad spectrum, because any action by a firm or one of its employees can be done ethically or unethically (Mullins, 2005). Thus the behaviour of a business towards its customers, competitors, suppliers, employees, the environment, local communities and other stakeholders will certainly reflect the organizational cultures in terms of ethics adopted or neglected. Sternberg includes two tests of the decency (e.g. refraining from stealing, cheating) and distributive justice (i.e. ensuring that rewards are proportional to contributions made). in that locationfore, an organization is said to be ethical if it satisfies three tests of* long-term wealth growth of its owners* common decency* distributive justiceIf it fails in any of these three tests, the organization is deemed unethical.Management Responsibilities-The stakeholder view suggests that management is responsible not only when to the organizations owners (Shareholders), but also has responsibilities to* Employees* Customers* Suppliers* Competitors* The Local Community* The general public (and government)Public Relat ions and Corporate Image-Corporate image describes the public attitude towards a company, or the image of the company in the mind of the general public and, perhaps more specifically, in the minds of potential customers. It is possible to promote a want corporate image through a combination of public relations, advertising and the experiences and attitudes build up by customers over the year. (For example, the favorable corporate image of mark and Spencer grew up over many years, without the need for substantial PR or advertising.)P4- Explain how economic systems attempt to allocate and make effective use of resources. economical System-Economic systems comp stick ups of a long list, some of which are as under-* Capitalism* Socialism* Mixed EconomyCapitalism (Free Enterprise)-Capitalism is an economic system characterized by a free market in which means of drudgery and distribution (the land, factories, applied science, transport system etc) are privately owned referred to as th e capitalist class. The concourse who sell their ability to work in return for a wage or salary are referred to as the working class. The working class is paid to produce goods and services which are then sold for a profit. The profit is gained by the capitalist class. The capitalist class lives off the salary they obtain from exploiting the working class while reinvesting some of their profits for further accumulation of wealth.Socialism-Socialism is an economic system in which the means production and distribution of goods are owned by the community collectively usually through the government. Socialism is characterized by* Production for use rather than profit* equating of individual wealth* Absence of competitive economic activity* Government determination of investment, prices, and production take aimsMixed Economy-Mixed Economy is an economic system which allows the simultaneous operation of publicly and privately owned enterprises. It is an economy that reflects the eleme nts of both capitalism and socialism. In a mixed economy, the private ownership as sanitary as the state takes part in the means of production, distribution and other types of economic activities.Allocation of Resources in the Economic system-In capitalism, the motive for producing goods and services is to sell them for a profit, not to carry out peoples needs. While in socialism all castigates and decision are taken under the government bodies. Everyone can get benefit from that economic system while in mixed economy both socialism and capitalism take place.P5- Discuss the impact of Social public assistance and industrial insurance policy.Social Welfare form _or_ system of government-Modern social welfare measures may include any of the following the care of destitute adults the treatment of the mentally ill the rehabilitation of criminals the care of destitute, neglected, and delinquent children the care and relief of the sick or handicapped the care and relief of needy fami lies and supervisory, educational, and constructive activity, especially for the young.Industrial polity-Government provides the financial support and capital to the private sector by direct subsidies, tax credits, or government- rate developmental banks. Industrial policy emphasizes cooperation amidst government, banks, private enterprise, and employees to strengthen the national economy.Impact of Social Welfare form _or_ system of government on Faysal bank Ltd-As Faysal Bank is a socially responsible corporate entity so it has been a regular contributor to the society and communities it operates in. The employees of the bank established a relief fund for Internally Displaced Persons from Swat, with the bank. The bank partnered with the Institute of Business brass (IBA) Karachi to provide Rs. 50 million over a period of 3-5 years for sponsorship of one academic chair in IBAs Executive MBA plan. The bank even donated 183 computers to different educational institutions with a fo cus on promoting education for the underprivileged.Impact of Industrial Policy on Faysal Bank Ltd-The main impact on FBL is if the government of Pakistan amplifications the interest rate so the all banks will get affected by this decision. Due to more interest profit will decrease and people will be reluctant to utilize the services and facilities provided by the bank.P6- Evaluate the impact of macroeconomic policy and its influence.Macroeconomic Policy Measures-Macroeconomic is one of the two most general fields of economics that literally means managing economics at large. It deals with the entire economys performance, total amount of goods and services produced, decision making, structure and etc. It can be national, regional, or global economy. It includes the study of GDP, unemployment rates, and general behavior of prices to understand how the economy works. It also develops models for analysis of national income, inflation, savings, investment, international trade and etc. monetary Policy-Measures employed by governments to stabilize the economy, specifically by adjusting the levels and allocations of taxes and government expenditures. When the economy is sluggish, the government may cut taxes, leaving tax give birthers with extra cash to spend and thereby increasing levels of consumption. An increase in public-works spending may likewise pump cash into the economy, having an expansionary effect. Conversely, a decrease in government spending or an increase in taxes tends to cause the economy to contract. Fiscal policy is often used in tandem with monetary policy. Until the 1930s, fiscal policy aimed at maintaining a balanced budget since then it has been used countercyclical, as recommended by John Maynard Keynes, to offset the cycle of expansion and contraction in the economy. Fiscal policy is more effective at stimulating a flagging economy than at cooling an inflationary one, partly because spending cuts and tax increases are unpopular and partly because of the work of economic stabilizers.Impact of Fiscal Policy on Faysal Bank Limited-Due to rise in rate of taxation the selected organization has to pay extra taxes, and due to this it will cause reduction in investment because of less earnings and high taxes. The enlargement in the government expenses or payments will increase employment rate as well as the purchasing power of the people means they will spend more. This will cause rise in demand of hospital facilities and services. monetary Policy-Measures employed by governments to influence economic activity, specifically by manipulating the money supply and interest rates. Monetary and fiscal policy are two ways in which governments attempt to achieve or maintain high levels of employment, price stability, and economic growth. Monetary policy is directed by a nations central bank. In the U.S., monetary policy is the responsibility of the Federal Reserve System, which uses three main instruments open-market operations, the discount rate, and reserve requirements. In the post-World War II era, economists reached a consensus that, in the long run, inflation results when the money supply grows at too rapid a rate.Impact of Monetary Policy on Faysal Bank Limited-The supply of money will reduce, and the flow of money will be a smaller amount due to all this it will affect the business performance. Decrease in business actions will decrease buying power of people and income rate. Due to more interest profit will decrease and people will buy less services and facilities from the selected organization.M1- Give your judgments about the organizational performance in achieving its objective and also satisfy its stakeholders.Banks Performance-2009 was the first year of implementation of banks five year strategy developed in 2008. The bank made considerable progress in all five pillars of strategic focus i.e. Customer Franchise, People, Risk Management, Processes and Financial Perspective.Customer Franchise-Keepi ng in view the objective of being the bank of preference for customers, new initiatives were undertaken during the year. To improve customer experience, a service quality department was set up which developed a comprehensive service quality program covering customer experience measurement, process refinement and employee engagement.Islamic BankingBarkat Islamic Banking was launched, that introduced Shariah compliant banking transactions.Alternate Delivery ChannelsThe Bank expanded its aura network by adding 23 new ATMs taking the total ATM network to 116 ATMs across the nation. The bank also introduced real time Cash desexualize facility through ATMs on 13 Cash Deposit ATMs in selected cities.People-Organizational structures across all functions were reviewed and aligned to focus on business, ventures, cost and clarity of roles and responsibility keeping in view with the best practices. Similarly HR policies were reviewed and have been revised. A new performance management syste m was introduced. Trainings were also conducted for soft skills development of employees.Risk Management-The Risk Management Framework was revitalized through inclusion of following functions-* Special Asset Management radical focusing on account recovery and classified exposure management, and* Credit Administration Department engaged mainly in credit monitoring and credentials documentation.Processes-The bank centralized five operational hubs into a processing centre for providing seamless services from one single location to the entire branch network. 2 geographically separate centralized operation clusters have been created to behave as a backup site for each other in case of a major disaster at one location.Financial Perspective-In line with the organizational setup, the MIS setup of the bank has also been changed from geographical to functional. During the year MIS level was graduated to the next level i.e. from business segment level to customer level.M2- Discuss how much the organization acting responsibly under current circumstances.There are various ways and methods for an organization to consider so they can act responsible, however those various ways and methods also depend on the course of organization you are working with. However, the organization we have selected to write upon is the banking sector. Banks are situated at at places ideal for customers and are environment friendly, as grammatical construction do not pose threats to the environment. Given the nature of the bank work, which is mainly clerical or administrative, employees are not subject to occupational health hazards. However, a sort of occupational risks to health do exist in the banking sector, as in other clerical occupations. It is the important for the employees health that adequate standardiseds of hygiene, cleanliness and comfort are maintained in the workplace.It is baffling, to single out health risks involved to the banking sector that are not common to other cler ical occupations and it is even more difficult to isolate any special problems in this area for employees of multinational banks. In the majority of cases, foreign and domestic banks are moreover governed by the same legislative standards with regard to health and caoutchouc and hygiene in workplaces, which are said to be respected by foreign banks and enforced through inspection at regular intervals. In a number of countries, particularly in Europe, enterprises of a certain size are obliged by law to set up a joint committee on safety and health to monitor the application of legal provisions, point out deficiencies and make suggestions for improvements. Many of the large banks have gone far beyond the legal prescriptions in their concern for protecting their employees health. For example, in a number of cases they have organized training sessions for employees on safety and health problems, precautionary measures in the workplace, fire prevention and other security matters.Ethical codes are rooted in a wider value system, as to what is right or wrong. Companies do have ethical responsibility and are not protected by limited liability from the consequences of their actions. A companys record and the perception of its ethics affect its reputation and ensure long term success or failure.The financial community has a history of placing moral considerations above legal or opportunistic expedients. But we are often exposed to moral dangers. Bankers role is one of stewardship based on trust. They are trusted by the people who consume them to look after their money and they have a duty to lend that money responsible.Banking is about rewards reflecting real risks and ethical considerations form an important part of their risk taking activities. The welfare of borrowing customers money, in good times and bad is of major concern in any business proposition. Bank depends on people to run their business and to reflect their ethical standards. Banks have to let their peo ple know what is expected of them.A bank responsibility extends to Government, customers, shareholders, staff and community. In the future, as the banks face increasingly complex and conflicting issues, their resolve and commitment to ethical behaviour will be tested.D1- Justify a choice of a new mission statement salient features.Mission Statement for Faysal Bank Limited-Focusing on the customers loyalty by providing standard financial services, through developing and delivering innovative products and services keeping in view the stakeholders profitability.Features-* Customers loyalty* Financial Services* Innovation* Stakeholders ProfitabilityCustomer Loyalty-Objective of the bank is to provide valuable and superior services to customers, so for this the Bank is focusing on close and long term relationship with customers. Their prime aim is to facilitate their customers with more advanced financial services, so to make them loyal.Financial Services-Objective of the bank is to pro vide assistance for an individual and business, so the bank is providing mixture of financial services to an individual and businesses for the development and promotion of individuals life and commerce.Innovation-The focus of bank is to bring more new ideas in their services to their customers. Which will increase the market share of the bank and will led the bank serve more customers.Stakeholders Profitability-By providing valuable services and innovation it will increase the stakeholders wealth.D2- Recommend the broad strategies to achieve stakeholders Objective successfully.Strategies-* Focus the business on the groups core skills and process technology.* Position the group in growth markets where our core skills are applicable. Environmental Technologies Division, which combines the skills in catalysts and process technology, is well positioned to serve these emerging markets.* Differentiate their strategies by using our world class technology. We will continue to invest importa ntly in research and development to develop new products and manufacturing processes. Technology is the key driver for most of the businesses and because of that organizations have a strong science base with technical centers located in all our major markets.* Maintain strong relationships with major customers, suppliers, government bodies and other stakeholders by investing resources on joint projects to ensure the group is well positioned for future market development.* Continue to invest in employees to ensure they are well trained, motivated and encouraged to meet the challenges of the future.* Ensure the business is run in a sustainable way by using resources efficiently.M3 D3- What are the response of an organization towards social industrial policy and recommended solution.Social Welfare Policy-The impact of Social Welfare Policy on Faysal Bank is sometime positive and negative. In case of providing free education and medical treatment etc the bank has to spent money which can affect their financial position. While on other hand, by providing these facilities students get motivated. The Bank provides facility of internship to fresh students to develop their practical skills. Faysal Bank provides Gratuity Fund to their employees. The Bank provides fund to IDPs, earthquake/flood affected people, in case of natural disaster in the country.Industrial Policy-Industries are growing in this leading age so the Faysal Bank is also one of the leading Bank in the banking sector of Pakistan. The Bank provides variety of products of standardized nature which encourages the bank position to be stable in that sector. Against other competitors in the Banking sector, the Faysal Bank has provided innovative products and services to their customers and to business. Providing loans to businesses and encouraging different businesses and providing standard services by Faysal Bank is representing that the bank has given full response towards the industrial policy.Observat ion and Conclusion-I observed Faysal Bank Limited a financially sound bank. Its profits are increasing year by year. Their staff is very good and sincere with the bank. According to my research Faysal Bank is not yet facing any major problems regarding Social Welfare Policy and Industrial Policy. Faysal Bank views specialization and service excellence as the cornerstone of its strategy. The people at Bank realize that innovation, creativity, reliability, customized services and their execution are the key ingredients for their future growth. They are aware that they have stepped into 21st century and they must meet its challenges by acquiring the highest level of technology. They will thus be accelerating their technological advances to enable them to distribute their products and services through most efficient and high technology means.

The Coco Mademoiselle Perfume Commercial Essay -- Marketing, Post Femi

The ideal post-modern wo man is a collage of charm, grace, beauty, strength and independence. This ideal is what Keira Knightley epitomizes in the cocoanut Mademoiselle perfume commercial. A far cry from the original feminist movement which was entrenched in politics this post-feminism created a realm where charr sought-after(a) all the riches of the feminist movement but shunned the feminist title (Goldman 1992, 130). Keira is presented as a beautiful independent woman, who is free from the hold of men and sexually liberated. However, through close examination, it is clear that her independence is in relation to her power over the men in the commercial. Further, this power is simply power over the man whom she wishes to seduce.The commercial begins with Keira slipping into her loft in the early morning, wearing only a mens white dress shirt and black hat. She looks prehistoric the camera, never making eye-contact. Keira is presented as the super-woman which Goldman (1992) describ es as sublimely self-confident and secure, poised, effortlessly beautiful, moving with a style and grace called presence... independent and successful liberated, yet powder-puff and romantic modern, yet traditional at the same time (107-108). By looking past the camera Keira becomes the subject of envy. This envy can only be achieved by distance, we look to her but she does not look back at us, her demeanour signifies confidence, which we watch but do not have a tie to (Goldman 1992, 118). Throughout the ad, Keira exudes a confidence in a playful yet mature way. This confidence, however, rises from her relation to men. At the beginning of the commercial she is dressed in a way that implies she has just left her lovers room. So the presence which she hold... ...desire for control leads to a fetishization of the female body. This fetishization in turn lends itself to the consumption of commodities (Goldman 1992, 113), as the gross(a) femme fatal is impossible to achieve outside of a James Bond movie. This all for control over men, which ironically shows that if so much emphasis is placed on control of men, are woman really in control? The feminist movement was aimed at gaining equality between sexes, yet we have sacked this movement of all its political meanings. Women have objectified themselves in order to gain power over men, while pursuing freedom from the objectification of men. This Chanel commercial clearly demonstrates how woman objectify themselves in order to show a form of control over men. This need for control actually shows womens failure to justify their sentiment in society separate of its relation to men.

The Role Of Zeus in Homers Iliad :: Iliad essays

The Role Of Zeus in Homers Iliad   In the era of Homer, divine intervention was thought to be typical, and wiz of his foremost works, The Iliad, reflects this. Nearly all of the Greek gods are involved in the outcome of the Trojan War, which happens to be the background story of this epic poem. The gods are utilise by Homer to add twists on an otherwise standard plot of war. I shall concentrate on Zeus, however, and reflect on his actions and their outcomes on the Trojan War, and much importantly, the story of The Iliad. Zeus, very untypical of a Greek god in his lack of involvem7ent in the Trojan War for selfish reasons, was portrayed as the return figure, being impartial and fair to both sides of the war. He remains this way to serve as a check for each gods involvement in the war. Without his front man at the head of the inner circle of Olympus, it is likely that the activity of the Trojan War would become chaotic, possibly even becoming a playground of war for the gods. With Zeuss majestic power, above all of the other gods combined, along with his experience, he is quite befitting to his role in the storyline of The Iliad. The Iliad was thought to be written by a Greek minstrel named Homer. The Iliad was the first of the major epics credited to him, the second being The Odyssey. Discussion about Homer among scholars inevitably leads to controversy on about every conceivable issue, ranging from his birthplace to his actual composition of either of these epics. Because of our lack of reliable information, we have but a small fragment of knowledge concur on by scholars about the writer of the first great piece of literature of Western civilization. Homer in ancient Greece was conceived as a blind, gray-headed man, singing or reciting his own compositions  (History of Horticulture), and at least seven ancient Greek cities claimed to be his birthplace. His work has been questi wizardd as to two separate ways if one minstrel, possibly named Homer, composed these works alone, and if so, if this minstrel wrote both of these epics. It has been argued that Homer is, in fact, the collective progression of minstrels that have passed this

Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird - Faults with Characters, Plot, and

The Flaws of To Kill a Mockingbird Is it possible to judge literary classics to have failings or be they beyond contemporary measurements? As perfection is not attainable in any(prenominal) media, classics such as To Kill a Mockingbird, a novel by Harper Lee, can be found to have many instances of fault and flaw. A great novel should ease the reader into learning the storys characters and histories. It should include a plot that keeps the reader up all night wanting to read more. And it should also include a theme that remains clear and focused to image out to a reader without being encumbered. However this is not the case with To Kill a Mockingbird. To Kill a Mockingbird has faults with its characters, plot, and overall theme. The introduction of twain the characters and their histories are flawed. The novel hastily presents a great number of characters within a short amount of written space causing the reader bother when trying to differentiate between them. With a few dozen individuals taking part in the goings on in the story arc, one finds oneself constantly backtracking finished the story to find previous references and descriptions of the characters to remember who they are. What is worse is the fact that many of the names of said persons mentioned early in the story make no style at all later on in the work. ...but they were Haverfords, in Maycomb county a name synonymous with jackass...John Hale Finch was ten years younger than my father (Lee 5). Jem gave dill the general attitudes of the more prominent figures Mr. Tensaw Jones voted the straight Prohibition ticket Miss Emily Davis dipped snuff in private Mr. Byron Waller could play the violin... (Lee 159). This leads t... ...un in his hand (Lee 112). This lesson or theme is one of several that the children learn in the story, this particular one being from the incident with Mrs. Dubose. The majority of the novel makes use these sub arcs and lessons to add sum the n ovel. But instead dilutes the true them of the book, and the reason for which is was made. In conclusion, one finds that because of problems found within the characters, plot, and theme of the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, that this piece of classical lit is not perfect. Clearly by realizing its faults one can see that even a well-known and loved book is often no better than any of the mediocre novels of today. Classical works can indeed be judged, and many are far from perfect. Work Cited Harper Lee, To Kill a Mockingbird. (New York, N.Y. Warner Books, Inc., 1982) 3-5, 99, 112, 159, 164, 247.

Cleopatras Initial Encounter With Caesar Essay -- Egypt History Paper

Cleopatras Initial Encounter With Caesar Cleopatra is desperate-she needs to gain the skunk of Egypt before her inadequate younger brother, Ptolemy, convinces Caesar to grant him full situation. But alas, Cleopatra has been banished from Egypt by the ruthless Pothinus. Fortunately, the brilliant Cleopatra devises a plan to enter her Egyptian castle rolling up in a carpet, posing as a giving for the great Caesar. Her loyal servant, Apollodoros, carries her through a secret passageway and into the palace, where they are met by Caesars guards. They continue into Caesars quarters, where Apollodoros unrolls the carpet to reveal the stunning Cleopatra. Caesar is impressed not alone by Cleopatras intelligence, but also by her undeniable beauty, and pronounces Cleopatra the sole ruler of Egypt. such is the story of the meeting of Caesar and Cleopatra as told by Plutarch and others that followed him. The extent of the storys truth stay a mystery, but it is likely that Plutarch intromitd it in his account merely for frolic value-it is only fitting that the alluring Cleopatra enters the castle with such a cat valium appearance. Because it is written in Plutarchs interpretation, many perceive the story as fact and include it in their own works. The shot, however-and the portrayal of Cleopatra within it-vary among different compositions. Regardless of the likely fictitious aspect of the scene, it is an important one, for it is in this scene that the level of Cleopatras strength and power is revealed. INTELLIGENT YET INFERIORInitially, it appears as though the rug scene is a display of Cleopatras wit, for she uses her intelligence to devise a plan to enter the palace. In addition, it seems that Cleopatra has heightened ... ...lmi, Sr. With Billy Zane, Leonor Varela, and Timothy Dalton. ABC/Hallmark Entertainment, 1999.Cleopatra. Dir. Mankiewicz. With Elizabeth Taylor, Richard Burton, and Rex Harrison. 20th nose candy Fox, 1963.Foreman, Laura. Cleopatras Palace In Search of a Legend. New York Discovery Books, 1999.George, Margaret. The Memoirs of Cleopatra. New York St. Martins Press, 1997.Gerome, denim Leon. Cleopatra and Caesar. Private Collection.Hamer, Mary. Signs of Cleopatra. New York Routledge, 1993.Hughes-Hallet, Lucy. Cleopatra Histories, Dreams, Distortions. New York Harper & Row, 1990.Plutarchs Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romanes c. 100 C.E.. Trans. Sir doubting Thomas North (1579). Ed. Geoffrey Bullough, Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare. Vol. V. Columbia UP, 1964.Shaw, Bernard. Caesar and Cleopatra 1898. New York Penguin, 1957. Cleopatras Initial Encounter With Caesar Essay -- Egypt History PaperCleopatras Initial Encounter With Caesar Cleopatra is desperate-she needs to gain the throne of Egypt before her inadequate younger brother, Ptolemy, convinces Caesar to grant him full power. But alas, Cleopatra has been banished from Egypt by the ruthless Pothinus. Fortunately, the brilliant Cleopatra dev ises a plan to enter her Egyptian castle rolled up in a carpet, posing as a gift for the great Caesar. Her loyal servant, Apollodoros, carries her through a secret passageway and into the palace, where they are met by Caesars guards. They continue into Caesars quarters, where Apollodoros unrolls the carpet to reveal the stunning Cleopatra. Caesar is impressed not only by Cleopatras intelligence, but also by her undeniable beauty, and pronounces Cleopatra the sole ruler of Egypt.Such is the story of the meeting of Caesar and Cleopatra as told by Plutarch and others that followed him. The extent of the storys truth remains a mystery, but it is likely that Plutarch included it in his account merely for entertainment value-it is only fitting that the alluring Cleopatra enters the castle with such a grand appearance. Because it is written in Plutarchs interpretation, many perceive the story as fact and include it in their own works. The scene, however-and the portrayal of Cleopatra withi n it-vary among different compositions. Regardless of the probable fictitious aspect of the scene, it is an important one, for it is in this scene that the level of Cleopatras strength and power is revealed. INTELLIGENT YET INFERIORInitially, it appears as though the rug scene is a display of Cleopatras wit, for she uses her intelligence to devise a plan to enter the palace. In addition, it seems that Cleopatra has heightened ... ...lmi, Sr. With Billy Zane, Leonor Varela, and Timothy Dalton. ABC/Hallmark Entertainment, 1999.Cleopatra. Dir. Mankiewicz. With Elizabeth Taylor, Richard Burton, and Rex Harrison. 20th Century Fox, 1963.Foreman, Laura. Cleopatras Palace In Search of a Legend. New York Discovery Books, 1999.George, Margaret. The Memoirs of Cleopatra. New York St. Martins Press, 1997.Gerome, Jean Leon. Cleopatra and Caesar. Private Collection.Hamer, Mary. Signs of Cleopatra. New York Routledge, 1993.Hughes-Hallet, Lucy. Cleopatra Histories, Dreams, Distortions. New York Ha rper & Row, 1990.Plutarchs Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romanes c. 100 C.E.. Trans. Sir Thomas North (1579). Ed. Geoffrey Bullough, Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare. Vol. V. Columbia UP, 1964.Shaw, Bernard. Caesar and Cleopatra 1898. New York Penguin, 1957.

Internet Censorship :: essays research papers

profit CensorshipFor centuries governments have tried to regular materials deemedinappropriate or offensive. The history of western censorship was said to havebegun when Socrates was accused "firstly, of denying the gods recognized by theState and introducing new divinities, and secondly of corrupting the young." Hewas sentenced to death for these crimes. some modern governments are attemptingto control access to the Internet. They are passing regulations that restrictthe freedom people once took for granted.     The Internet is a world wide network that should not be regulated orcensored by any on country. It is a complex and limitless(prenominal) network which allowsboundless possibilities and would be realised negatively by the regulations andcensorship that some countries are intent on establishing. Laws that are meantfor other types of communication will not necessarily apply in this medium.There are no physical locations where communications take place, making itdifficult to determine where violations of the law should be prosecuted. Thereis anonymity on the Internet and so ages and identities are not known this makesit hard to determine if illegal activities are taking place in regards to peopleunder the legal age. As well, it is difficult to completely delete speech onceit has been posted, Meaning that distributing materials that are obscene arebanned becomes easy     The American Library Association (ALA) has a definition that statescensorship is the change in the access status of material, made by a governingauthority or its representatives. Such changes include exclusion, restriction,remove, or age/grade level changes. This definition, however, has a flaw inthat it only recognizes genius form of censorship-governmental censorship.     Cyberspace, a common name for the Net, has been defined by one author asbeing "made up of millions of people who communicate with one another by means ofcomputers. It is also "information stored on millions of computers worldwide,accessible to others through telephone lines and other communication channels"that" make up what is known as cyberspace." The same author went on to say "term itself is elusive, since it is not so much a physical entity as adescription of an intangible."     The complexity of the Internet is demonstrated through its manycomponents. The most readily identifiable position is the World Wide Web (WWW).This consists of web pages that can be accessed through the use of a web browser.Web pages are created using a staple fibre programming language. Another easilyidentified section of the Internet is e-mail. Once again it is a relativelyuser-friendly communication device. Some other less publicized sections of theInternet include Internet Relay Chat (IRC), which allows real time chatting to